Human Trafficking Global Issue Of Modern Day Slavery

Human Trafficking: Global Issue of Modern Day Slavery Hannah Melson Tri-County Technical College Abstract Although slavery or forced labor is commonly thought to be just a thing of the past, human trafficking is a billion dollar illegal industry. Traffickers responsible for this crime make profit trapping millions of people in horrendous situations around the world, including right here in the United States. Traffickers commonly use violence, deception, fraud, threats, and other manipulative tactics to force people into providing services or labor against their will. Due to its varsity and complexity a well as the numerous modalities of recruitment, control and exploitation of individuals, human trafficking is becoming a very drastic criminal offense. The dreadful wrongdoings experienced by the victims and the consequences associated demand and unambiguous, strong and synchronized response from the social community as a whole. Considering the fact that the global issue of human trafficking cannot be solved solely on a national level, one of the most imperative roles in its effective suppression is the international cooperation between countries. In order for cooperation such as this to be possible, modern countries must create a satisfactory and jointly coordinated legal framework within themselves. Title of the Paper in Full Goes Here Introduction Human trafficking is one of the most heinous forms of organized crime and violation of human rights. HumanShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : The Illegal Act Of Trading Humans1157 Words   |  5 PagesTH 2pm Final Draft Human trafficking is the illegal act of trading humans for any type of forced behavior, such as prostitution or labor. It is estimated by the United Nations that four million people around the world are victims of human trafficking each year. This global issue needs to be better controlled by foreign and domestic cooperation and awareness. One of the most important things to know about human trafficking is the different forms. While sexual human trafficking is the most commonRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Global Issue1280 Words   |  6 Pagesand we as a human race still cannot say that slavery has ended. Since the onset of African slave trading, trafficking of women and children has since developed and atrociously branched into the trafficking of human organs as well as sex. It wasn t until several hundreds of years later that the Emancipation Proclamation would be created and signed. President Abraham Lincoln ordered and issued the Emancipation Proclamation as a war measure for the sole purpose of abolishing slavery in the UnitedRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Modern Day Slavery Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesprovocative issue global issue in the field of criminal justice, and is known as the modern day slavery. This paper will also discuss the globalization in human trafficking. The study examines the impact of economic globalization on the human trafficking inflows around the world. This paper will begin by providing the definition of what human trafficking and globalization is, and how it works within the context of law enforcement. The history of human trafficking and how human trafficking is effectingRead MoreModern American Slave Labor And The Dark Side Of The New Global Economy By John Bowe972 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: 2 Nobodies Modern American Slave Labor and the Dark Side of the New Global Economy By John Bowe. In Reading the book† Nobodies,† the author is giving us an inside look at Modern Day of Slave Labor that still is existence today and how it has become issues in the modern day and Age. â€Å"Bowe† main agreement in the book is real life stories of current modern day slave labor and the symbolism of how is still is a real life global issue today. â€Å"Bowe† shows us Modern Day Slave Labor is still inRead MoreHuman Tracfficking as a Global Health Issue Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough slavery, as we known , may have been abolished throughout most of the world, a different form of slavery is lurking in the shadows. There is an estimated 27 million people currently in modern day slavery around the world. There are currently more people in slavery today than in any given time in history. (Free the Slaves, 2013) These are men, women, and children living under horrid conditions, stripped of all human rights. Included in that number are one million children that are exploitedRead MoreHuman Trafficking Annotated Bibliography Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesHuman trafficking An annotated bibliography Web Links Anti-Slavery International http://www.antislavery.org/ Anti-Slavery Internationals Trafficking Programme comprises three elements: campaigning to end human trafficking, lobbying for victim protection, and research on measures governments take to protect victims of trafficking, especially those who act as witnesses. The web site provides information about both current and historical slavery operations. The UN Global Programme Against TraffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking: Modern Day Slavery Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking is a horrendous crime that takes advantage of people through the illegal trading of human beings for purposes of forced labor, and commercial sexual/child exploitation. Traffickers tend to prey on the vulnerable, those who want a better life, have little or no employment opportunities, very unstable, and have a history of sexual abuse. With this being popular in society, anyone can easily become a victim. By being an undocumented immigrant, runaway and homeless youth, and a victimRead MoreLibrary Information / Literacy Project : Human Trafficking And Slavery1117 Words   |  5 PagesLibrary information/Literacy project: Human Trafficking and Slavery Introduction: Human trafficking is a global epidemic that affect millions of victims that has being trafficked for prostitution and some forms of child labor across international borders. This human illicit trade and inhuman crime produces around $32 billion in profits each year. A five-year-old chained to a rug loom in India, a domestic servant enslaved and beaten in the Middle East and sex slave trafficked within theRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Form Of Slavery924 Words   |  4 Pages PRESENT HUMAN SLAVERY ISN’T JUST ABOUT SEX TRAFFICKING, UP TO 27 MILLION PEOPLE ARE FORCED INTO LABOR IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, FROM TOMATOES TO ELECTRONICS TO AMERICAN MILITARY CONTRACTING IN PLACES LIKE IRAQ. AS AMERICANS THINK ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING, THEY ARE INCLINED TO THINK ABOUT SEXUAL SLAVERY. IN FACT THE ACTUAL STORIES OF GIRLS SOLD OFF TO BROTHELS OR TRICKED INTO TAKING PART INTO PROSTITUTION BY GANGSTERS IS GREAT FEED FOR JOURNALISTS. THIS APPEALS TO A CERTAIN TYPE OF CELEB COMMITMENT THATRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals’ human rights or Would U.K laws and policies on sex workers and trafficked individuals be more effective if society understood and accepted the problem? Research background and questions According to the United Kingdom Home Office, the anti†slavery legislation currently being upheld in the United Kingdom (hereinafter UK), uses the term modern slavery as a catch-all phrase when referring to the offences of forced labour, domestic servitude, human trafficking and slavery. Modern slavery frequently

Illegal Immigrants of American Society Essay - 2038 Words

Illegal Immigrants of American Society A Realistic Approach At present, the U.S. immigration system is burdened both by policy and implementation challenges. It is barely able to meet the commitments required by law and policy and is ill-prepared to address new challenges and mandates. Agreement that the system is broken may be the only point of consensus among many diverse stakeholders. The Task Force believes that immigration laws and policies are broken in four ways: . There is an increasing disconnection between law and reality that undermines the rule of law, breeds disrespect for American values and institutions, and makes it more difficult to garner domestic support for immigration and advance U.S. values overseas. . Some†¦show more content†¦Immigrants overwhelmingly filled blue-collar jobs (operators, fabricators and laborers) but also accounted for as much as half the growth in categories such as administrative support and services. According to Julian Samora Research Institute, the migration of Hispanics to the Midwest has been shown to be directly related to the labor needs of agriculture and manufacturing in the region. Much less, however, is known about how Hispanics have fared economically in this major industrial setting. Manufacturing in the Midwest has likewise benefitted from the supply of Mexican labor and has contributed to the growth of the Hispanic population. The need for industrial labor during both World War I and II as well as during strike activities in the steel industry in 1919 and the meat packing industry in 1921 assured the continued migration of Chicanos to the Midwest. Moreover, as the decline in migrant farm workers accelerated in the late sixties and early s eventies as a result of agricultural mechanization, manufacturing--especially the auto-related industries--tapped former migrant workers for work. One study of Chicanos in Michigan viewed the period in the early seventies as a transition for Chicanos from field workers to factory workers. . A proposed amnesty for more than 3 million undocumented Mexican workers and their families might help all Latinos in the United States, particularly those in rural communities, where they are often viewed with suspicion, thisShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants of American Society Essay2056 Words   |  9 PagesIllegal Immigrants of American Society A Realistic Approach At present, the U.S. immigration system is burdened both by policy and implementation challenges. It is barely able to meet the commitments required by law and policy and is ill-prepared to address new challenges and mandates. Agreement that the system is broken may be the only point of consensus among many diverse stakeholders. The Task Force believes that immigration laws and policies are broken in four ways: . ThereRead MoreIllegal Immigrants in America Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal Immigration in America Illegal immigration has caused a lot of controversy within the United States. The media has influenced our society to make us believe that illegal immigrants are horrible people. One thing that I have learned throughout life is, â€Å"Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains (Rousseau 4).† This sums up how society dictates our lives and limits us to what the media wants to us to believe. Whether it is legal or illegal, everybody should be treated equally. IllegalRead MoreShould Immigration Be Legal Or Illegal?1701 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex and touchy subject. Moreover, that of Illegal Immigration is vehemently controversial. However, when it comes to exercising judgment on the subject and formulating a stance there are de facto only two approaches: a sentimental optimistic approach or a business like realistic approach. According to an article by Immigration specialist Charles Hirschman the general optimistic assertion is that Immigration be it legal or illegal str engthens American society and promotes diversity and liberty. An admirableRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And The United States1418 Words   |  6 PagesAn illegal immigrant, who works for their keep in an unknown country, contributes to taxes, stays out of trouble, and just wants a better life in a foreign country, on unknown land should be recognized for their contribution to that particular society. An illegal immigrant is a person who migrates to a different country in a way that is in violation of the immigrant laws of that country. Immigration has been a divided topic for many years in America- illegal immigrants are sometimes seen as a burdenRead MoreShould the Illegal Immigrants in the U.S Be Deported?1092 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Immigrants create San Francisco† is common sense people around the world acknowledge to praise the contributions immigrants have made. America, as we all know, positioned as the most prosperous and humanistic country in the world, gives immi gration a very crucial role due to its function forming the diverse culture of America. Every year, thousands of immigrants move to the United States, seeking superior living conditions such as employment, welfare and education. However, that movement inevitablyRead MoreWhy Are They Illegal Immigrants?1562 Words   |  7 Pages In IMA BE ME, Wanda Sykes said, â€Å" Why are they called illegal immigrants? They re undocumented workers. If someone broke into my house, and vacuumed? You know, I might be a little confused. But I ain’t calling the cops†. This is one of the funniest line from the show and at the same time, it captures audience’s heart. I believe, the United States is trying to change a lot now as a country where have been accepting various immigrants continuously since the foundation of the nation. In 2008, BarackRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And The United States Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pages Every year numerous legal and illegal immigrants originate to the United States. From all around a world, individuals want to arise toward America for an improved existence for them and their families. America is a freedom-oriented country, where everybody has right how to live their life in their own conditions. I myself, I remain immigrant as well. I came to U.S.A. 5 years ago. American culture remains actual diverse somewhat from other cultures. In this country, we all get the liberty to liveRead Moreillegal immigrant workers should be granted legal status1347 Words   |  6 PagesSupport one position on â€Å"illegal immigrant workers should be granted legal status† For the past 120 years- â€Å"between 1891 and 1920- [America has] received some 18 million men, women and children from other nations† (Bush 554) and causes one of the serious problem in the society. Therefore, immigration reform has been intensely debate among the citizen due to illegal immigrant issues that have become prevalent in United States. However, validating the illegal immigrant workers status should be consideredRead MoreFamily Values Linda Chavez Summary1304 Words   |  6 PagesAre Immigrants actually hurting America? In the article â€Å"Supporting Family Values† Linda Chavez writes to inform Americans about immigrants. In American people make the assumption that immigrants are here to hurt America instead of improving America. In reality there is only a small group of immigrants that hurt America. People need to separate the groups to realize that there are immigrants who help America and that they should be allowed to stay in America under certain c ircumstances. ImmigrantsRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is â€Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe official definition of illegal is â€Å"contrary to or forbidden by law†. The definition of an Immigrant is â€Å"an individual who comes to live permanently in a foreign country†. Therefore Illegal Immigrants are foreigners who enter another country, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possible

Information Technology System and Management Computer Shares

Question: Discuss about theInformation Technology System and Managementfor Computer Shares. Answer: Roles of CIO in Computer Shares The CIO or the chief information officer helps in managing the information technology system and the computer system that are used in the organization. The chief information officer is one of the most effective and efficient members of any organization and they focuses on the technical projects for formulating various goals of the organization (Caplinskas, Dzemyda Lupeikiene 2013). The management of Computer Shares decides their goals and objectives with respect to the organizational demands and all of this aspect will improvise the system architecture of the organization. The role of the CIO will be changing according to the demands of the organization. The CIO is responsible for monitoring various types of IT activities of the organization, which helps in communicating with the specialist team for managing various IT areas. The CIO works very closely with the CEO and the staffs of the information technology for outperforming its main competitors (Aiken Gorman 2013). The CIO has c lose relationship with the various CEO, chief financial officer, CSCO and many more. Impact of CIO over Many Years The CIO of the Computershare has different roles and responsibilities as compared to other organizations. After proper analysis, it is found that the management of the information technology and the information system for supporting the various goals and objectives of the organization (Avery 2012). The CIO of Computershare is also responsible for innovating, balancing the various IT strategies, data management skills, collaboration and motivation of the other employees in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. Expectation of Top Management from IT/IS Following are the various expectations regarding the IT/IS system within the Computer Shares: Meeting of goals objectives of the any organization Review of suggestions and recognition of organizational needs (Caplinskas, Dzemyd Lupeikiene 2013). Time management of the decided project tasks (Fue Sanga 2015). Feedback management regarding the project management and work progress Influence of CIO in Computer Shares Presently, the competition in the IT world is increasing rapidly and it forces the organization to adopt new strategies for surviving in the market of competition. The CIO of the organization has the responsibility to manage the information system of Computershare. The CIO of the Computershare is facing huge problems in aligning the digital system with the current system of business (Computershare 2016).This is mainly because the budgets of IT are shrinking and the technologies are moving towards the digital world. The challenges that are arising in the organization help in reducing the effectiveness of the CIO in order to achieve various goals of the organization. The former CIO of the Computershare has divided the IT system into parts. One part focuses on the customers of the organization and the second part on the IT transformation. The CIO of the organization is very influential and contains the most significant capability with with they can respond very quickly regarding the cha nge in technology in the world of digital business (Fue Sanga 2015). It is very much important that the CIO of Computershare must follow some of the key trends for further implementing the business strategy for evolution of the business. They influence the IT members of the organization to spend more time on the development of business strategy. The risks that are raised in the world of business must be avoided and the costs that are related with the infrastructure of the management must be reduced. The main aim of the Computershare is to develop various technical and soft skills requirements and therefore the CIO helps in influencing the IT leaders for developing their skills (Jose 2012). The CIO of Computershare have good quality of interaction and it helps in communicating properly with the various members of the IT team for managing the business processes very efficiently. Performance of IS/IT in Computer Shares The CIO have sought IT/IS strategy in a very close proximity however for providing the goals of the organization, a direct chain of reporting is created. Different types of information system are used by the Computershare, which includes Customer Relationship Management system, Transaction processing system and business intelligence system. The performance is mainly dependent on the processing as well as functionality of the system (Laptop Computers, Desktops, Printers and more | HP United Kingdom2016). The transaction processing system is mainly used for collecting the user data and the output is generated on the input provided. The transaction processing is mainly dependent on the batch processing which helps in managing the staffs without getting proper help from the staff of the organization. The different activities of the organization include trend of purchasing, various demands of the product and the enquiry of the customers. The business intelligence system is mainly used for proper analysis of complex data and for extracting various data in order to perform various operations and for taking proper decisions (Lu 2013). The implementation of different types of information system helps in automating the management process for reducing the involvement of staffs and therefore the management team focuses on various innovative technologies that are helpful in growing the business of the organization. Missing Functionalities of IT/IS in Computer Shares The missing of various knowledge in the management of the business organization have led slow development of the organization. This also decreases the performance of the organizations. The response time, which is calculated, is very much slow due to the lack of KMS and therefore it is not possible for maintaining the consistency all the time (Mason Ramsey 2012). The Computershare faces challenges during the procedure of integration of new strategies and thus it is quite important for the organization to implement various knowledge management system of the organization in order to improve the working function. Weakness of IT/IS in Computer Shares The lack of knowledge management schemes within Computer Shares is affecting the development aspects of the organization and because of this aspect; the organization is not having appropriate growth in the technological field (Materials science and information technology II2012). Improving Steps taken by CIO in Computer Shares The steps that is required to be taken by the CIO can be improved by applying 80/20 rule in the company. It is the principle of Pareto that helps in stating that 80 percent of the outcome is the result of 20 percent of the cause (McCormack 2014). The CIO mitigates the issues for applying it in the information system of the company. The entire world of technology is dependent on the technological advancements by using the information technology. In the perspective of business, there are some specific needs for the development of the organization (Jose 2012). The perspective includes business growth, enhanced productivity, reduction in cost margin and many more (Mendona Sousa 2012). All the aspects include strategic business, which will have great impact on the success of business perspectives of the company. There are many IT solutions present in the company that helps in unlocking the new business opportunities. The innovative as well as competitive nature helps in making the organi zational architecture of the company better. Challenges Involved in Improving Stages The main challenges include: The aim of the organization must be developed Roles and responsibilities of the organization must be assigned In order to make proper strategies, proper members of the team must be selected. Team members conflict must be handled in a professional way (Meghanathan, Chaki Nagamalai 2012). It is quite important to build a good trust level between the various members of the organization (Peters 2012). Open communication between the top level managers and the employees of the company is very much helpful in developing the configuration of the organization. Effective Communication helps in resolving various types of challenges that the members of the organization generally faces (Park 2012). The stakeholders of the organization must be informed about the various innovative strategies that are very much effective for proper development of the organization. Computershare storage optimizer must be used which is helpful in reducing the total volume of data storage (McCormack 2014).The shrinkage as well as complexity cost is reduced. Control panel is one of the software solutions that is helpful in analyzing the information of the enterprise and it assists in automatically migrating the data. Mitigation Challenges The challenges can be mitigated with the implementation of different techniques for the issues found in the organization. The aim statement of the organization can be developed with the involvement of the team and developing a draft from the team members. The CIO should monitor the activities of the team members and consider the members who have the willingness and ability to perform the operations (Tina 2012). The information system can be used for the analysis of the stakeholders and a continual analysis is required to be made for finding the missing stakeholders. Several meetings should be conducted with the staffs and the stakeholders for finding the needs to implement new strategies and develop the new strategy (Peters 2012). The roles and responsibility should be divided to the different team members such that everyone understands their roles and their upper level staffs should monitor them (Lu 2013).The team leader with good communication capability must be chosen to avoid the friction arising between the employees and handle the team in an efficient way. Proposed IT/IS Strategy for the Organization The criterion that is required for creating the proposition of IT/IS strategy in Computershare includes: For establishing the foundation of belief and mission, strategic planning must focus on the future of the organization (Jose 2012). It is very much necessary that the strategic planning must define the gaps that exist between the present status and the desired future position of the organization. The planning must be stretched for achieving a new level in the organization and it focuses on the critical issues of the company (Mason Ramsey 2012). It should be a thinking process, which helps in bringing a change in the practices of the organization. Proposal for the IT/IS Strategies of Computershare Include: Confirming readiness and Commitment: It is important for the governing board and management to understand the purpose of the strategic planning. Preparing Planning Session: The managers of the organization must communicate about the processes and expectations of strategic planning (Park 2012). Communication helps in resolving problems more easily than instructing the employees of the organization. First Planning process: In the first planning process, following points needs to cover: The purpose of the processes must be defined clearly. It is necessary to establish faith between the team members. Mission, vision and strategic goals of the organization are developed. Drafting plan: Stakeholders must be aware of the results of the planning session, and they must understand the commitment of the strategic planning processes. Action Teams: The members of the organization must be groped in teams for providing training as preferred by the organization (Peters 2012). Second Planning Sessions: The original strategic planning team must meet all the purposes of the reviewing that is created by the action planning teams. The members of team must be charged with long and short a planning document that helps in addressing the strategic goals of the organization in order to measure the development of the organization. Formal Approval from the board: this provides the official approval and commitment of the governing Body for approving the Strategic Plan (Mason Ramsey 2012). Technology Roadmap The key esteem recommendation for the proposition of road map technology includes: A valuable key system is present n the CIO that acts as a driver for arranging and organizing various goals and objectives in the vital arrangement (Jose 2012). The roadmap makes it very much simple for the CIO to impart vital arrangement from various constituents from whom CIO should procure purchase (Lu 2013). This is considered as a reason for building up the roadmap in order to propel a complex activity inside the organization. The promotion of the alignment between various business goals and programs is mainly influenced by the CIO. References Aiken, P Gorman, M 2013, The case for the Chief Data Officer, Morgan Kaufmann, Waltham, MA. Avery, J 2012,Information theory and evolution, World Scientific, Hackensack, N.J. Caplinskas, A, Dzemyda, G Lupeikiene, A 2013,Databases and Information Systems VII, IOS Press, Amsterdam. Computershare, 2016.Welcome to Computershare. [online] Computershare.com. Available at:https://www.computershare.com/au[Accessed 27 Oct. 2016]. Fue, K Sanga, C 2015, "Remote Scheduling System for Drip Irrigation System Using Geographic Information System", in ,JGIS, vol. 07, no. 05, pp. 551-563. Jose, D 2012, Certified Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) Secrets To Acing The Exam and Successful Finding And Landing Your Next Certified Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) Certified Job, Emereo Pub., Dayboro. Laptop Computers, Desktops, Printers and more | HP United Kingdom2016, viewed 26 October 2016, https://www8.hp.com/uk/en/home.html. Lu, W 2013,Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Software Engineering, Springer, Berlin. Mason, B Ramsey, G 2012,Microsoft System Center 2012 configuration manager, Packt Pub., Birmingham, UK. Materials science and information technology II2012, Trans Tech, Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland. McCormack, A 2014, "The Role of the CIO", in , ITNOW, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 22-23. Meghanathan, N, Chaki, N Nagamalai, D 2012,Advances in computer science and information technology, Springer, Berlin. Mendona, C Sousa Neto, M 2012, "O perfil do Chief Information Officer (CIO) e a sua percepo com relao aos arranjos de governana de TI", in , Revista de Economia e Administrao, vol. 11, no. 2. Park, J 2012,Future information technology, application, and service, Springer, Dordrecht. Peters, A 2012, "From the Chief Executive Officer", in , Australasian Psychiatry, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 170-170.

The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony Essay Example

The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony Essay The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony. The hypothesis was that leading questions would have a significant effect on memory recall. This draws on results of a study by Loftus Zanni whose research indicated that leading questions increase the number of incorrectly recalled details. Participants were selected by opportunity sampling. The chosen study group were given a briefing and told that they could leave at anytime if they wished to. The group watched a clip from Crimewatch UK, and completed a questionnaire based on their viewing. There were two forms of questionnaire. The first was a control questionnaire that did not include leading questions. It used the critical word a. The second was an experimental questionnaire which used the critical word the, and which included five leading questions. The statistical analysis later conducted showed that the effect of leading questions is largely insignificant, because they had little effect on the number of incorrectly recalled details. Therefore the experimental hypothesis can be rejected and the null hypothesis, which states leading questions have no effect on the recall of events, can be accepted. Introduction We will write a custom essay sample on The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The aim of this study was to research the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to ascertain whether or not leading questions have an effect on eyewitness we must define what a leading question is. Loftus describes a leading question as a question that portrays a certain desirable answer to the participant. For example a leading question may be did you see the red car? this is leading as the critical word, the in this instance implies that there was a red car, even though this may not be the case. The question should be did you see a red car? for it to be truly valid. Loftus conducted a study into the area of leading questions to provide a more valid representation of the given events in police interviews and questionnaire situations. This study was designed to see if such leading questions would affect the recall in a crime recall situation. According to Loftus and Palmers (1974) leading questions can severely affect the outcome of a questionnaire or interview, even when only a singular emotive word is used. Loftus and Palmer conducted a study using a real life event and a range of both emotionally charged and neutral words. In their study participants were shown a clip of a car crashes and later asked to complete a questionnaire. Some of the participants were given emotionally charged words such as collided and smashed. Others were given words with less emotionally charged words such as bumped, hit and contacted. They found that not only does the critical word change the amount of incorrectly recalled facts, but also the emotional significance of that word. For example the word smashed was found to develop answers of higher speeds than less emotionally charged words. Zanni Loftus (1975) used two types of questions. They used the indefinite non leading question, e.g. did you see a broken headlight? whereby there is no misleading of information. The other type of question was a definite leading question, e.g. did you see the broken headlight? Their study investigated the validity of recalled eyewitness events. This was achieved by asking whether a leading question affects a participants response to certain critical words. Participants were shown a reconstruction of a crime and given questionnaires including both leading and non leading questions. This simple change in the independent variable had a noticeable effect in the amount of false responses, the dependent variable. This study will be an exactly replication of Loftus ; Zannis study, however a different video and questionnaires will be used. The aim of my study is to research the effect of leading questions on Eye Witness Testimony. The experimental hypothesis is that leading questions increase the number of incorrectly recalled events. My null hypothesis is that leading questions have no effect on the validity of recalled events. Method: Design: The study was designed as a laboratory experiment with an independent measures design. The sample group was selected into two conditions, a control a condition and an experimental the condition. The independent variable was the critical word in the question used. This could have been either a for the control group, or the for the experimental group. The independent variable would have affected the outcome of the dependent variable, in this instance, the number of incorrect facts recalled. The independent measures design was used to test both groups at the same time, reducing the amount of time needed to conduct the experiment. The laboratory experiment was useful for the study as any extraneous variables could be controlled because it did not affect the results. Noise levels have been found to reduce participants concentration in a study. In order to avoid this, the study was conducted during the day in a room in the middle of school. This meant exterior rooms were quiet and noise did not affect concentration levels. The study involved deceiving the participants about its aim. They believed it was about memory performance and not leading questions. To counter this, a briefing was performed before the start of the study. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time, and they were reassured that any data collected would remain completely confidential. After the study was conducted the participants were debriefed. The aims of the study were explained. The group were offered the opportunity to withdraw their results. The experimenters contact details were given to the participants. In case they wished to discuss any issues raised by the experiment.

Our Justice System essays

Our Justice System essays I believe that our justice system is all messed up. Mite is right. Thats how I think our justice system works. Lets take Michael Jackson for example. Now who is going to convict the King of Pop of everything that he was charged with? Not many people chosen as jurors obviously. All the evidence showed that he did some pretty messed up stuff. Another example of this flaw in our justice system is the case of O. J Simpson. For those that dont know, Simpson was at one point in time a professional football player and was convicted of killing a white women. Was he convicted of murder? No. why? Well, lets think about this for a moment. Hes rich, famous, and part of a Chicago foot ball team and being tried in Chicago. Now if you take a middle or low class unknown person and charge them with murder, you know theyre going to prison. Of course there are some cases to argue with the point that I am trying to make, but lets look at those for a quick second. Martha Stewart, I think, is a pretty god example. Shes rich and famous and went to jail for a couple months. Although, when you think about it and look at the facts, she should have gone to jail for much longer then she did. In the end, what I am trying to say is that when it comes to justice, might is right is not acceptable. As the Old Testament states, eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. No matter who you are, with the crime committed, comes an equal punishment. ...

The anatomy of a good speech - Emphasis

The anatomy of a good speech The anatomy of a good speech Whether you think David Cameron is Blair MK II or the saviour-in-waiting of UK plc, the BBCs analysis of his speeches down the years here and here makes very interesting reading. Top of the list of most-used words is people, which Emphasis has always cited as one of the most powerful in the English language. The UKs Conservative Party (of whom Cameron is leader) is currently riding high in the polls with a nine point lead over Labour, and many put this down at least partly to a well-orchestrated communications policy. This is unsurprising given that Cameron is the former head of corporate affairs at a large media company. But credit must also go to the speechwriters on the Tory campaign team, who clearly know how to turn a phrase or two to their leaders advantage. The analysis reveals how they seem to have chosen words very carefully to support a deliberate strategy. For example, Gordon Brown said in his speech last week that this was no time for novices, in a sideways swipe at his opponents lack of experience. So Cameron this week gave Margaret Thatcher a name-check purely to give his speech weight, apparently. The BBC uses word clouds to show how the latest conference speeches from the leaders of all three main UK political parties compare. Its all fascinating stuff.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Assignment Example can gain marketing competencies. Hence, context of the report tries to focus on the worth and value of entrepreneurial marketing. It is highly rational to conduct such a study because effectiveness of entrepreneurial marketing activities determines long-term success of small firms as well as the entire economic system of a nation (Papalexandris and Galanaki, 2009). According to the views of Donald Kuratko, â€Å"an entrepreneur is a person who pays a certain price for a product to resell it at an uncertain price, thereby making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise† (Kuratko, 2013). Entrepreneurs in the business world are treated as human capital. It is claimed that economic capital of an organization becomes more productive with the essence of effective human capital. It is also believed that leadership skills of entrepreneurs determine the circulations and shifts in an economy. It was claimed that fabrication of an economy is created through entrepreneurship (Glover, 2013). According to some researchers, Cunningham and Lischeron had first introduced the concept of leadership school of entrepreneurship in 1991 (Stryker, 1998). The entrepreneur in an organization, similar to a leader, assists workers to accomplish the desired organizational tasks and objectives. Motivation is another skill embedded in good entrepreneurs. The gap between workers’ ability and willingness to work is bridged by motivation instilled by an entrepreneur in workplace (Stryker, 1998). The mission and vision of an organization is achieved with dedicated work of an entrepreneur. It was also noted that work culture of a firm is upgraded with contribution of an entrepreneur (Glover, 2013). In latter stages, these theories of leadership were linked with those of entrepreneurship. Even so, it should be noted that these theories only help to analyze the worth of

What you should know and consider in order to make a wise decision Essay

What you should know and consider in order to make a wise decision about how to assist someone in deciding whether or not to commit medical suicide - Essay Example nt example is that of Phillip Nitschke, an Australian medical practitioner who had his practicing license retrieved for his involvement in a case where the patient who had sought for information from him went ahead and committed suicide. The email conversation was used to convict him. This essay will therefore establish the ethical issues in assisted medical suicide as supported by given philosophical theories. Personal liberty defenders have been at the forefront claiming that one should be allowed to end their lives any time they want. In some cases one may be subjected to too much pain especially in terminal diseases such as cancer that they consider ending their lives. A good case is of Mathew Donelly who had worked in an x-ray laboratory for the better part of his life. He later got caner which led to amputation of his hand, his nose and a number of his fingers. His pleas to have his life ended fell on deaf ears until his brother shot him dead to end his agony. His brother was however charged with murder. There are various bases that have been proposed to be considered in cases of medical suicide that should be considered if it is to be allowed. The first one is the terminality of the disease. In some cases the doctor can establish that the patient will not recover and so it is just a matter of time to have him dead. Second, in many of such cases, the patient may be in too much pain that it is prudent to end the pain in consideration of the first factor that they will not recover. Cancer is one disease that causes such misery to the patient especially if it is recognized at a developed stage. The third factor to be considered is the patient’s opinion. If the patient feels that he wants his life ended, then that should be adopted and the doctor should assist in that. The implementation of such ideas is hard due to the legal aspects involved. Medical suicide is classified in various categories according to how it is performed. Voluntary one is done with the

Cloud computing Service Essay Example for Free

Cloud computing Service Essay The cloud refers to the Internet; it is usually hosted on more then one server in multiple locations, normally neither the public nor the businesses know where the information is located. Many consumers are turning to the cloud to store and retrieve their data from any computer in the world. They are using this service to store their software, conduct, documents, other personal and all business operations. Many different consumers are using cloud; but many are using cloud with out taking a look at the advantages and disadvantages that comes with using the cloud computing service. There are three types of service provider by cloud computing models. One is software as a service or SaaS, this service provides consumers with the ability to access user application or service that is located within the cloud. In this service consumer are responsible for update and maintaining the operating system and software. Some of the providers that offer SaaS is Google and Microsoft. The second service provider is Platform as a Service or Paas. Paas allows consumers to purchase access to the platform and solution stack, which includes system, programming language, database and web server. Consumers also, can build their own applications, which could run on the cloud service provider. Some of the providers are Googles app engine and force.com. Lastly, there is the Infrastructure as a services or Iaas. Iaas provides basic storage and computing capabilities as services over the network. Consumers control and maintain the systems in term of the operating systems, applications, storage, and network connectivity, but consumers do not have any control over the cloud infrastructure. Some providers of the Iaas are, Amazon, GoGrid and 3 Tera. Another type of provider is deployment model of cloud computing, where consumer chooses a unique is based on their specific requirements. There are four primary cloud deployment model private cloud, community cloud, public cloud and hybrid cloud. Private cloud is operated only by one organization,  it can also be managed by the organization or third party and externally. Community clouds are shared by many organizations, and support a specific community that has similar interests and requirements. Public cloud is owned and operated by third party, were it is available for the public on a commercial basis. Lastly, hybrid cloud is two or more deployment like private, community and/or public; this gives the user the ability through their interface to allow data, and also applications to move them from one cloud to another. The advantage of using cloud-computing service is that it can be accessed from any part of the world as long as there is Internet connection. The cost is significantly lower to operating data processing service with compared to the older meth of establishing and maintaining software and hardware on an internal system. This will remove the need for operating costs that accompanying with purchasing or by leasing such software and hardware. Depending on the cloud provider used, storing information to the cloud is almost gives unlimited storage capacity, that will give the public and business no more worries about not having enough storage space. Since data is stored in the cloud, backing up and restoring is much easier then storing on a physical device. Most cloud computing service providers usually are skilled enough to handle recovery of information. The disadvantage of cloud computing service is the technical issues, security issues, and that the information is easily prone to attacks. Even though we can access the information and data on the cloud from anywhere in the world, there are times that the system can have some serious dysfunction. The consumers should be aware that technology is always prone to outages and technical issues. Even the best cloud providers will run into these kind of problems, in spitefulness of keeping high standards of maintenance. Consumers will need a reliable internet connection server at all times, but will be consistently be stuck with networking and connectivity problems. The security to the cloud is another major issues that the consumer dont look at when submitting all their personal and companies sensitive information that it is being submitted to a third party cloud computing service provider, which could put your information in great risk. Consumer should make absolutely sure that the provider they choose is reliable and will keep their information totally secure. The cloud provider is prone to attack by hack attack and other threats. Storing your information in the cloud could make your personal and business unprotected. Although nothing on the Internet is completely secure, and there is always the lurking possibility of stealth of sensitive data. Any user of any Internet storing should carefully look at the advantage and disadvantage of cloud computing service before submitting any type of information. Also consumers should be aware of the potential risks and problems that is accompany with the cloud. WORKS CITED Jr, R. C. (2010, August 24). Retrieved October 26, 2012, from boardroombrief.com Viswanathan, P. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2012, from www.about.com

Racial Propaganda In The Third :: essays research papers fc

Racial Propaganda during the Third Reich   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most central ideals in Nazi ideology was that of a continual attack against other races deemed inferior by Adolf, more specifically Jews. Racial minorities were used as scapegoats with which the Nazis blamed for what was wrong with the country on. In the speeches to the masses at Nazi rallies, they would start off by bringing up all the problems that they have been having, the depression, the Versailles Treaty, and any other hardship that they had experienced, and make the Jews the architect behind their ruin. The speakers would focus all their anger on the Jewish people and other minorities. Hate and anger seem to be key points in Nazi ideology. To sustain the kind of anger the Nazis needed to sway the masses over to their side, they needed a common enemy, somebody or something that could be seen everyday. Jews were portrayed as extremists and revolutionaries. They were supposedly different from the average moderate Germans, and even more different than the Nazis. People like Hitler, Goebbels, and Julius Streicher played on this ignorance of other people to instill fear and loathing of the Jews. In general, people don’t like what they don’t understand. The Nazis exploited this truism by warping, retarding, and creating supposed grievances that the Jews were responsible. During the rallies, the speakers would rant and rave about how they would exact â€Å"vengeance against their eternal enemy, the Jew† (1), and how that â€Å"Europe will have defeated this threat only when the last Jew has left our part of the planet† (1). Hitler himself at the outbreak of â€Å"The German people will not be destroyed in this war, rather the Jew† (1). The Nazi leaders would spout out so-called scientific evidence that the only way to ensure the survival of the Aryan race is that of racial purity. Over and over through their speeches and pamphlets, they emphasized that: â€Å"The decline of a people’s culture is always the result of race mixing and a decline in racial quality. Any change in the racial makeup of a people leads to a change in its nature and its culture. If the race that gave a people its nature is debased by mixing with foreign and inferior races, the people’s culture will perish and can never again be restored to full life.† (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nazis advocated a homogenous society where only the Aryan and Nordic races would exist, while driving out all the other â€Å"inferior† races to protect the purity of the races, even at the cost of genocide towards the Jews.

Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan Essay

Section One: Vision Statement As an educator I will encourage the students to do their best in the classroom leading to academic growth. Utilizing new technology to enhance what is taught from the textbook will help the children reach academic plateaus and beyond. Research has shown that technology is being used for communication in the educational environment. This advancement has allowed for new possibilities in regards to collaboration and sharing of information and knowledge that will be expected to expand over time. New forms of technology â€Å"have the power to improve parent-teacher relationship by providing easy, efficient, and effective methods of communicating information regarding students† (Zieger and Tan 30-54). Section Two: Mission Statement I will provide all of my students a safe and nurturing environment to allow them to thrive and grow both academically and personally. Every student will be given the upmost respect which will teach them to reciprocate these behaviors amongst themselves. Through the creation of an environment conducive for learning the students can utilize the many resources available so they may achieve their academic goals. These resources include numerous educational websites, in addition to other technological resources, that will help students surpass academic standards. A class web site is an informative tool that provides access to what is being taught in the classroom and can be presented through pictures and videos. This means of communication helps to reinforce, to the student, lessons they have been recently taught. The class web site is a solid link, when utilized by parents, between home and school. The site often includes the parent  handbook, homework assignments and class activities. This advancement in technology allows the parents an opportunity to stay connected with the school community (Vitalaki, Anastasiadesm and Tsouvelas 125-135, 2014). Class web sites reach out to the local and global communities as well. The school accountability committee encourages and provides opportunities for citizens â€Å"to be involved in the planning and evaluation of the school’s instructional program and quality improvement process† (Vitalaki et al). Planning for unexpected emergencies is something every school must consider and have protocol in place for contacting parents. An important element of the protocol is the emergency contact list. This information is necessary to implement student release procedures and should be updated every school year. This will ensure timely communication between the school and parents/guardians if the student should get sick or injured during school hours. As an educator, I have Found EPALS to be an educational tool to connect my students to the global community. This resource allows teachers and their students to participate in collaborative projects. Through this opportunity the children are connecting with students around the world while taking part in educational activities, discussions, and games. One of the projects through EPAL is sharing cultures- a collaborative project between China and the United States. This project gives American school children the opportunity to learn about China while sharing their experiences with students from another country (Vitalaki et al). The cyber world can be a very scary place, but one that isn’t going away. For this reason, shielding children from negative portions of the internet has been a growing concern over the past few years for both the parents and the educators. Teachers today have the responsibility to inform their students on how the internet can be used as a resource for finding information in a safe manner. â€Å"Misleading and inappropriate information on the web is one of the major problems that children tend to have while navigating the internet† (Marcoux 67-68). Internet safety is an issue I will discuss early in the year with my students. During the discussion I will teach them that some people that are online have bad intentions. These people could be bullies or predators. Cyber bullying is a serious problem that takes on many forms such as sending mean messages or threats to a cell phone and spreading rumors online. â€Å"Cyber bullying can be damaging to adolescents and teens. It can lead to anxiety,  depression, and even suicide.† Young people who have been a victim of cyber bullying are between two to nine times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims (Marcoux 67-68). To help alleviate this problem it is the responsibility of educators to discuss this with their students as part of their internet safety discussion. Through the efforts of educators across the country we can promote internet security and encourage â€Å"safe surfing†. Communication through technology serves many purposes in the educational setting. The many benefits range from improving relationships with parents using various means through an emergency plan when the unexpected happens. These advances, plus many more, enhance the educational experience of students today. Section Three: Integrating Instructional Technology Developments in technology have found their way into many aspects of our daily lives. Integrating instructional technology into the 21st century classroom is no exception and is essential in providing the teacher and student with the resources needed to be successful. The importance of this integration has been recognized to the point that, â€Å"for more than three decades, researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders have promoted computer technology use within and across learning environments to enhance teaching and learning† (Walery). The integration of technology in the classroom increases academic achievement and encourages creativity. Teachers are expanding their use of technology for learning because they believe it enhances their ability to communicate with the children and offers stimulating, interactive access to the numerous resources offered on the internet. Through the integration of technology students are encouraged to collaborate, provide input, and share ideas. The students are requesting permission to install educational apps on their IPads which generates an increased level of excitement for learning for the student in a digital era. Teachers and students alike are always looking for the next great idea or the latest app, software or computer program to enhance the learning process (Walery). To effectively integrate technology into the classroom instructors need to understand how to match appropriate technology to the learning goals and expected student outcomes. As with any topic there are pros and cons and integrating instructional technology into the educational setting is no exception. As an educator I feel the positive side of technology in the  classroom is the excitement that it brings to the student. There are many interactive websites available that brings learning to life and they are able to work independently and at their own pace. Students today are no longer sitting at their desk flipping through the pages of a textbook. Education in the 21st century has become more interactive and engages the student in the learning process. The down side to the integration of technology in the classroom is the vast amount of information available through the internet. It would be very easy for a student to get lost in â€Å"the sea of information† that is available. Doing research, even as an educator, requires determination and patience. To make research easier for my students I would provide a list of recommended online resources and allow them to make the choice on which ones suit their needs the best. Students today have access to technologies at home and school, especially in the form of mobile technology such as smart phones and iPods. Wireless classrooms are evolving to keep pace with mobile technology. A wireless classroom utilizes the use of I pads which is a mobile computer that can access the internet (Walery). . This resource allows students to send e-mails through a secure site to their teacher and to communicate, for educational purposes, to another student. In addition to this many apps are availab le that can be used as management tools by teachers and students. Some of these resources include a calendar and calculator. A wired classroom, in contrast, has multiple desktop computers. While you have the availability of the features in a computer you do not have the freedom to be â€Å"mobile with technology†. The integration of technology in the classroom is essential to support and improve the teaching ability of the instructor and the learning that takes place within the student. Without technology integration in the 21st century classroom our students would be unable to compete in the â€Å"real world† upon completion of their high school education. Section Four: Software to Support Assessment Assessments, formative and summative, allow teachers to collect information to improve student learning. These assessments are an ongoing and continuing process with the major goals being to figure out where students are struggling and put more emphasis on those areas. Assessment in the classroom setting helps the teacher examine the expectations he/she has for the  students. The assessment process also provides administration, teachers, and support staff to evaluate the curriculum. When a thorough assessment program at the classroom level balances formative and summative pupil learning/achievement data, a clear picture arises of where a student is in relationship to learning goals and standards (Garrison & Ehringhaus). There are two types of assessments used to evaluate a student’s progress, formative and summative. Both assessments are central portions of the collection of information and allow educators to get a balanced picture of a student’s strengths and weaknes ses (Ehringhaus). According to Heritage, Kim, and Vendlinski (2007), formative assessment is a â€Å"systematic process to continuously gather evidence about learning and if incorporated into the classroom practice it provides the information needed to adjust teaching and learning while they are happening.† The data is then used to identify a student’s capacity to understand, learn, and adapt lessons to help the student to reach the desired learning goal. In the formative assessment the students are active participants along with their teacher. The student shares their learning goals expressing an understanding on how their learning is progressing in addition to how well the material is being mastered. During the assessment process the student receives feedback which serves two functions: to identify problem areas and to provide positive reinforcement of successful achievement. One of the tools used in the formative assessment, which contributes to the success of the child is the student conference During the conference the pupil sits down with the teacher for a couple of minutes to ensure there is a sufficient level of comprehension with the lesson being taught. Instructor feedback serves to identify the degree to which the instructor was successful and to identify needed changes in instruction that need to be made to assist the student in mastering the material. Other tools used in the formative assessment include the formation of a graphic organizer and having a student turn in sentences identifying the main point of a l esson that has been taught. These tools allow the teacher to check the student’s comprehension of the material that has been presented. A summative assessment, in contrast, is used to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit to determine what a student knows and does not know. This type of assessment is more formal and at the district/classroom level is an accountability measure that is part of  the grading process (Garrison). The student’s comprehension through the summative assessment is measured by an exam, project, or paper. The information that is received from this type of assessment is important it only helps in certain aspects of the learning process and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of school programs, school improvement goals, alignment of the curriculum or student placement in specific areas. Think of the formative assessment as â€Å"practice† and do not hold the students accountable unlike the summative assessment in which plays a role in the students mark at the end of a grading period. There are several advantages to using technology when an instructor needs to assess student learning. When assessing a student via a computer the process is more rapid and productive. When using a computer the students work is graded as the assessment is taken. Another advantage is the human element is removed from the equation. An instructor could grade a test poorly based on their m ood or because the student has poor handwriting. The downside to giving an assessment using technology is that computers cannot read written answers therefore the test would have to be provided in multiple choice formats. Another downside to assessing students on the computer is that this form of technology is unable to grade projects that are submitted by the children. Technology, like so many things we use in our daily routine, has its perks but does not replace a qualified teacher in the classroom setting. There are many websites and programs available for student assessment. Some of these resources are free while others offer a trial period. Some of these educational sites, which can be used in formative or summative assessments, include Voice-over, PowerPoint games, Blogs, Interactive time lines, and Podcast. To keep children involved in learning teachers have a responsibility to explore every available avenue for formative and summative assessments to ensure the students is reaching their academic goals. The technological resources that can be utilized as a teacher are the online gradebook and e-mail. The online gradebook gives parents 24-hour access and allows the parents and students to track information regarding grades and upcoming assignments. Teachers, through the use of the online gradebook, can create assignments with specific dates for when their work is due. The ability to see when a particular student is not doing well because they do not complete work to be done at home or is having difficulty with  assessments gives the teacher the opportunity to adjust due dates to accommodate the students specific need s. The online gradebook provides an adequate amount of vision into the educational setting for parents and is a tool I look forward to utilizing to enhance the education of my students. E-mail, which improves communication for parents and teachers, is a requirement for students to be successful in their endeavors at school. Epstein (2008) observed that â€Å"more students earn higher grades in English and math, improve their reading and writing skills, complete more course credit, set higher aspirations, have better attendance, come to class more prepared to learn, and have fewer behavior problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when parents are active in their children’s lives. â€Å"Parents and teachers indicated that emails worked most effectively to communicate about grades because the messages involved simple, concrete information† (Thompson). E-mail is a resource I am looking forward to utilizing as an instructor as it is an effective means of communication with parents which is important for the academic success of their children. I do not feel that technology should be used exclusively for assessments. Assessment, as we have learned, involves more the just test ing and grading assignments. What goes on in the student’s life outside the classroom can affect how they perform at school. When parents choose to be active in their children’s education, they believe their efforts will have a positive impact on their children’s learning (Anderson and Minke). Rogers and Wright (2008) found that â€Å"the main reasons that parents did not use technology to communicate with schools were that they either did not have the technology at home or they did not have the skills needed to use the technology to communicate.† As educators, we need to find the balance between incorporating technology in our classrooms to keep our students engaged in 21st century learning while realizing the importance that face to face communication has in education. Section Five: Technology In The Classroom The internet offers numerous learning opportunities and is loaded with an abundance of information. The concern for educators is how to encourage children to take part in constructive and imaginative learning while safeguarding them from inappropriate material, the possibility of coming into contact with people they do not know. Internet safety entails balancing  perceived advantages against tolerable risk. There are many benefits to allowing students to engage in surfing the net. As educators we need to incorporate a â€Å"Safe & Ethical Internet Surfing Handbook†. The handbook will contain guidelines and a student use agreement form in which the students helped generate. The handbook will also contain information on how to make informed decisions on how to make ethical decisions while surfing the net. This includes proper citation to avoid copyright infringements. Involving the student in the creation of the handbook will facilitate a deeper understanding of the expectatio ns. Utilizing the internet the children gain valuable skills such as creativity, leadership, team building, confidence, communication, innovation, and initiative (Green and Harmon, 2007). To allow my students the many benefits offered on the internet I will create a Curriculum Resource Page. This tool is an instructor created document that consists of hyperlinks to various websites that have been evaluated and chosen by the teacher. The links provided on the resource page support and enhance the learning that is taking place in the classroom setting. An important aspect in utilizing the curriculum resource page is that it reduces the chance that the children will be able to gain access to a website that may be deemed inappropriate. The curriculum resource page is a valuable tool; however, the most important thing an instructor can do is observe the students while doing their lessons. Through observation the teacher can ensure the online safety of the students by making sure inappropriate material is not being viewed. The key is that ethical behavior is not a one or two day lesson, but theme educators discuss throughout the year (Jacobsen & Smith, 1998, paras, 5-6). There is valuable web site that can be incorporated into the classroom discussion regarding internet safety.SafeKids.ne.gov. has lessons, worksheets, and PowerPoint presentations that help reinforce the lessons of online safety to the children. This resource is valuable as it incorporates role playing. This allows the students to be active participants in the lesson of online safety. Youth today are unlikely to think twice about committing a cybercrime (Newman, para.6) and is a growing concern with school-aged children. The use of â€Å"paper mills†, which are websites that deliver term papers which students can download at no cost and then turn in as their own original work. These sites have been increasing at an astonishing rate. In  March of 1999 approximately 35 of these sites existed and by the end of 2003 the number had jumped to more then 250(Newman, para.9). Steube (1996) stated â€Å"as more and more schools venture onto the internet, incidents of plagiarism and copyright infringement that were once limited to classrooms are reaching an international audience (para.4). Plagiarism is viewed by the young as a low risk behavior and as educators it is our responsibility to teach the students that this behavio r is unacceptable and comes with serious consequences. To ensure my students are respectful while utilizing the internet I will implement a student use agreement form that each child along with their parent/legal guardian will be required to sign as parents need to be involved in their child’s behavior while surfing the net. This agreement will contain a code of conduct, in which the children can contribute their thoughts, which will incorporate issues concerning copyright, privacy, and proper use. As an educator I will instruct my students on the correct, ethical, use of computer know-hows as I introduce other age appropriate skills. Some of the areas I will place strong emphasis on are honesty, being trustworthy, and respecting the privacy of others. In addition to these areas of concern I will stress the importance of honoring copyright laws to avoid plagiarism. To ensure my students are aware of how to avoid plagiarism I would present a Power Point teaching the proper way to cite resources. I would show this resource intermittently throughout the year to make sure the concept is not forgotten. Through my effort my students will become responsible cyber-citizens (Baum, 2005). The incidence of plagiarism has become more become more widespread because it is easy to get the information by visiting websit es on their specific topic. Other less known Codes of Computer Ethics I will address include is the use of all capital letters is considered yelling and therefore impolite, and that humor and sarcasm are viewed as criticism and therefore should be used sparingly or avoided all together. References Aronin, A. and O’Neal M. Twenty ways to assess students using technology. Science Scope 34.9 (2011): n. page. Grand Canyon University Fleming Library. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. Baum, Janna J. Cyber ethics: The New Frontier. Techtrends: Linking Research & Practice To Improve Learning 49.6 (2005): 54-78.Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Cakir, R. (2012). Technology Integration and Technology Leadership in Schools as Learning Organizations. Turkish Online Journal Of Educational Technology – TOJET, 11(4), 273-282. Garrison, C. and Ehringhaus M. Formative and Summative Assessments in the Classroom. Association for Middle Level Education. N.P., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. Herro, D., Kiger, D., & Owens, C. (2013). Mobile Technology: Case-Based Suggestions for Classroom Integration and Teacher Educators. Journal Of Digital Learning In Teacher Education, 30(1), 30-40. Hussain, Ashiq1, et al. Assessment Model: How To Assess Students’ Learning? International Journal of Science in Society 2.4 (2011): 85-97. Omni File Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Wed. 6 Apr. 2014. Lambert, K. (2012, April). Tools for Formative Assessment. Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://www.levy.k12.fl.us/instruction/Instructional_Tools/60FormativeAssessment.pdf Marcoux, E Betty. Cybersecurity and School Libraries. Teacher Librarian 38.2 (2010): 67-68. Education Research Complete. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Pilgrim J . Bledsoe C. and Reily S. New Technologies in the Classroom. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 78.4 (2012): 16-22. Education Research Complete. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. Riemenschneider, Cynthia, K. Lori N. K. Leonard, and Tracy S. Manly. â€Å"Students’ Ethical Decision-Making In An Information Technology Context: A Theory Of Planned Behavior Approach.† Journal Of Information Systems Education 22.3 (2011): 203-214.Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. SafeKids.ne.gov – Internet Safety Information for the Whole Family. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://www.safekids.ne.gov/lesson_1.html Sharples, M. et al. â€Å"E-Safety and Web 2.0 For Children Aged 11–16.† Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 25.1 (2009): 70-84.Education Research Complete. Web. 13 Apr. 2014, Darrell, W. Wireless Technology in K-12 Education. Net Lingo The Internet Dictionary: Online Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms. N.P., Mar.-Apr. 2004. Web. 26 Mar. 2014. Shelly, Gary B. Gunters A. Gunter J. Teachers discovering computers: Integrating technology in a connected world.07. Web. 13. 2014 Stull J. Varnum S. Ducette J. and Schiller J. The Many Faces of Formative Assessment. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 23.1 (2011): 30-399. GCU Fleming Library. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. Vitalak E , Panagiotes S. Anastasiadesm Tsouvelas G , and Tsouvelas G. Factors Influencing Parental Control For The Safe And Pedagogical Internet Use Among Primary School Students. Problems Of Education In The 21St Century 42.(2012): 125-135. Education Research Complete. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Zieger, Bardroff L. and Tan J. Improving Parent Involvement in Secondary Schools through Communication Technology. Journal of Literacy & Technology 13.2 (2012): 30-54. Web. 23 Mar. 2014

Mutual Funds Essay

A mutual is a kind of investment-company that combines money from many investors and backers and invests the money in bonds, money-market instruments, stocks, other securities and sometimes even cash. A mutual fund in basic terms is a large group of people who lump their money together for management companies to invest. And, like most things in the world, there are fees and commissions involved. Mutual funds are managed by money managers, who capitalize the fund’s capital and try to produce capital gains and revenue for the fund’s investors. A mutual fund’s portfolio is organized and maintained to mimic the investment objectives defined in its catalogue. A mutual fund has many characteristics, which are listed below. Investors and backers purchase shares in the mutual fund from within the fund, or through a broker or fund agent, and cannot buy the shares from other backers on a secondary market such as the NASDAQ stock market or New York Stock Exchange. The amount that investors purchase their mutual funds shares for is the estimated net asset value or NAV per share in addition to any fees that the fund may charge at the time of purpose, such as sales charges, also known as sales loads. Mutual fund shares are convertible, meaning when an investor wants to sale their shares, they sell them back to the mutual fund or to a broker working for the fund at the net asset value less any fees the mutual fund may charge, such as deferred sales loads or reclamation fees. Mutual funds commonly sell their shares on a continuous basis, although some funds will stop selling when, for instance, they reach a certain level of assets under management. The investment portfolio of a mutual fund is typically managed by separate entities known as investment advisors that are registered with the SEC. Furthermore mutual funds themselves are registered with the SEC and subject to SEC regulation. There are many forms of mutual funds, which include index funds, stock funds, bond funds, and money market funds. Each type of mutual fund has a different investment objective, strategy and investment portfolio. Different mutual funds are also subject to different risks, volatility, and fees and expenses. Fees related to a mutual fund reduce returns on fund investments and are an important feature that investors should consider when buying mutual fund shares. Mutual funds come in two main types, categorized by how the fees are charged. The types are load mutual funds and no-load mutual funds. A load mutual fund charges for the shares/units purchased plus an initial transactions fee. The initial transaction fee is typically no more than 9% of the investment fund amount or can also be a standard fee contingent on the mutual fund provider. This fee is added to your purchase as a sales fee. There are a couple different types of load funds out there. Back-end loads mean the fee is charged when you redeem the mutual fund. A front-end load is the opposite of a back-end load and means the fee is charged up front. A no-load fund means investors and backers can buy and redeem the mutual fund units/shares whenever without a commission or sales charge. Some companies such as banks and broker-dealers may charge fees and commissions for the transaction and exchange of mutual funds. Many no-load funds charge a fee if you redeem them early. Most people endorse avoiding load funds altogether and studies have shown that load mutual funds and no load mutual funds offer the same return, however, one charges a commission fee. A 12B-1 fee is the yearly marketing or sharing fee on a mutual fund. The 12B-1 fee is treated as an operational expense and is incorporated in the fund’s expense ratio. The 12B-1 is usually between .25% – 1% of a fund’s net assets. The name of the fee comes from a segment of the Investment Company Act of 1940. An electronically traded fund or ETF is a security that follows an index, group of assets or commodity, but trades them like a stock on an exchange. Prices for ETFs change throughout the day when they are bought and sold. Because ETFs are traded like stock, they do not have NAVs calculated everyday. References 1. â€Å"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Information on Mutual Funds†. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Retrieved 2011-04-06. 2. Fink, Matthew P. (2008). The Rise of Mutual Funds. Oxford University Press. p. 9.

Homosexuals and Their Struggle essays

Homosexuals and Their Struggle essays People who are different from the rest of the society always face with discrimination from the society. People from different races, different religions, and different cultural backgrounds always face with many difficulties within the society. In the book called Stonewall by Martin Duberman I learned many things about these people who were different and their problems with their gender, identity and society. They werent from different cultures or they didnt have different races but they had different choices then the rest of the society and they tried to protect their choices and rebel against the society. In this book we see the lives of 6 different homosexual people who face many problems within their identity, society and gender. Yvonne Flowers, Jim Fouratt, Foster Gunnison, Karla Jay, Sylvia Ray Rivera and Craig Rodwell, who are the characters of this book, are all homosexuals; therefore they face main difficulties while trying to understand their gender. All these people like people from the same gender and they all have behaviors like the opposite gender. Craig likes to wear make up, Yvonne is as tough as a man and she always acts like a man. All of the characters in the book are struggling a lot with their gender. When they are growing, they are not aware of which gender that they belong to and most of their first crushes are from the same sex and even if they are not, they realize how they prefer to have a relationship with people who belong to same sex. Craigs first crush, when he was seven, was an older boy named Bob Palmer. Bobs talented piano playing made him something of a school star and Craig just worshipped him. (Stonewall, 7) Craig having his first crush at age of 7 was not even aware that h is crush was towards the same sex and that wasnt something happening to people around him, he just accepted his gay identity without knowledge and considered it as somethi...

Up to 75 Percent of US Youth Ineligible for Military

Up to 75 Percent of US Youth Ineligible for Military About 75 percent of Americas 17- to 24-year-olds were ineligible for military service due to lack of education, obesity, and other physical problems, or criminal history in 2009, according to a report issued by the Mission: Readiness group. Since Congress ended the military draft in 1973, the U.S. armed services depend on a constant flow of new volunteers every year.  While that figure has since dropped to 71 percent, the problems with military recruiting remain the same. Military Eligibility Key Takeaways At least 71 percent of Americans between 17 and 24 are now ineligible to serve in the military- some 24 million of the 34 million people in that age range. The strength of the U.S. military depends on a constant flow of qualified volunteers.National security is directly compromised by manpower shortages in the armed forces. Just Not Smart Enough In its report, Ready, Willing and Unable to Serve, Mission: Readiness - a group of retired military and civilian military leaders - found that one in four young people between 17 and 24 does not have a high school diploma. About 30 percent of those who do, states the report, still fail the Armed Forces Qualification Test, the entrance test required to join the US military. Another one in ten young people cannot serve because of past convictions for felonies or serious misdemeanors, states the report. Obesity and Other Health Problems Wash Many Out A full 27 percent of young Americans are simply too overweight to join the military, says Mission: Readiness. Many are turned away by recruiters and others never try to join. Of those who attempt to join, however, roughly 15,000 young potential recruits fail their entrance physicals every year because they are too heavy. Nearly 32 percent have other disqualifying health problems, including asthma, eyesight or hearing problems, mental health issues, or recent treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Due to all of the above and other assorted problems, only about two out of 10 American young people are fully eligible to join the military without special waivers, according to the report.Imagine ten young people walking into a recruiters office and seven of them getting turned away, said former Under Secretary of the Army Joe Reeder in a press release. We cannot allow todays dropout crisis to become a national security crisis. Post-Recession Military Recruiting Goals in Jeopardy Clearly, what worries the members of Mission: Readiness - and the Pentagon - is that faced with this ever-shrinking pool of qualified young people, the US military branches will no longer be able to meet their recruiting goals once the economy recovers and non-military jobs return.Once the economy begins to grow again, the challenge of finding enough high-quality recruits will return, states the report. Unless we help more young people get on the right track today, our future military readiness will be put at risk. The armed services are meeting recruitment targets in 2009, but those of us who have served in command roles are worried about the trends we see, said Rear Admiral James Barnett (USN, Ret.), in a press release. Our national security in the year 2030 is absolutely dependent on whats going on in pre-kindergarten today. We urge Congress to take action on this issue this year. Making Them Smarter, Better, Sooner The action Rear Admiral Barnett wants Congress to take is to pass the Early Learning Challenge Fund Act (H.R. 3221), which would pump over $10 billion into the slate of early education reforms proposed by the Obama administration in July of 2009. Reacting to the report, then Sec. of Education Arne Duncan said the support of the Mission: Readiness group demonstrates how important early childhood development is for the country.I am proud to be joining these senior retired admirals and generals who have served our nation with courage and distinction, Sec. Duncan said. We know that investing in high-quality early learning programs helps more young children enter school with the skills they need to be successful. That is why this administration has proposed a new investment in early childhood development through the Early Learning Challenge Fund. In its report, the retired admirals and generals of Mission: Readiness cite research studies showing that children who benefit from early childhood education are significantly more likely to graduate from high school and avoid crime as adults. Commanders in the field have to trust that our soldiers will respect authority, work within the rules and know the difference between right and wrong, said Major General James A. Kelley (USA, Ret.). Early learning opportunities help instill the qualities that make better citizens, better workers and better candidates for uniformed service. Stressing that early education is about more than learning to read and count, the report states, Young children also need to learn to share, wait their turn, follow directions, and build relationships. This is when children begin to develop a conscience differentiating right from wrong and when they start learning to stick with a task until it is completed. Some Improvement by 2017 In 2017, the Pentagon reported that 71 percent of young Americans between 17 and 24 are ineligible to serve in the United States military. While an improvement since 2009, this still means that over 24 million of the 34 million people of the eligible age group cannot serve in the armed forces. The Pentagon continues to stress the situation’s alarming threat to national security. As former commander of the Marine Corps Recruiting Command, Major General Mark Brilakis stated, â€Å"There are 30 some million 17- to 24 year-olds out there, but by the time you get all the way down to those that are qualified, you’re down to less than a million young Americans.†

UK Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Company Law - Essay Example However, the section 172 of CA 2006 is itself a novelty which includes an explicit duty to promote the growth of the company successfully. Further, it also contains a new notion of â€Å"open-minded or enlightened shareholder value†. Whether a director of a company can be held accountable for any fiscal losses to the company due to their wrong decisions by the shareholders of the company? Under the UK Companies Act, shareholders including minority and institutional shareholders can now initiate legal action against erring directors or directors to whom hefty pay packages are being offered without relevance to their performance through derivative actions or through unfair prejudice clause. As the Institutional shareholders and the public grow angrier and angrier over the almost unimaginable riches that FTSE bosses are ranking in, the sudden spurt in shareholders’ activism in UK in recent days is being felt like the ‘shareholder spring’ had finally sprungâ₠¬â„¢. ... Institutional Investors and Minority Shareholder’s Activism in UK-An Analysis Under section 173 & 174 of the Companies Act 2006, though the directors of a company are appointed and ousted by shareholders, but the directors do not have any duty of care to any individual shareholder. It is to be observed that the duty of care by the directors is to the whole of the company’s stakeholders and is not applicable to a shareholder only to the magnitude of their investment held in the company, and thus the director’s duty of care is confined to the capital and not to any individual per se. Further, earlier, the shareholders are having every right to pass resolutions at a general meeting to restraint directors of a company but such resolutions are not binding on company directors, and it is advisory in nature only. For company directors, maximising the wealth of the shareholders is not a legal mandate but only an idealised norm of conduct. The directors are not expected t o answer only to the shareholders but also accountable for other stakeholders of the company like creditors, customers, employees, local community and suppliers. (Haynes, Murray & Dillard: 57). Under UK corporate law, there exist no explicit defence or business judgment rule as a safe harbour provision for commercial decisions taken by the directors of a company. However, the absence of any explicit provision in this regard does not leave the corporate directors in UK in the lurch. Thus, as per Justice Austin, in the absence of any explicit provisions under the UK Companies Act as regards to the business judgement rule, but the shareholders may avail safe harbour provisions through the ratification of director’s decisions by the

Why didn't the United Nations pursue intervention in Rwanda Research Paper

Why didn't the United Nations pursue intervention in Rwanda - Research Paper Example The world, however, stood by while hundreds of thousands of Rwandans died, taking effective action only after the situation began to stabilize. The United Nations plays an essential role in any legitimate intervention. The two principal rationales justifying UN intervention in intra-state conflicts are the preservation of international peace and the protection of human rights. In case of Rwanda, UN was unable to play effective role to stop Genocide. Therefore, this paper will address following question: Why didn't the UN Pursue Intervention in Rwanda? This paper hypothesizes that several factors, including the structure of the UN, states' interests, international law and norms, and domestic factors of the conflict impeded effective UN intervention in the Rwandan conflict. It is hoped that this research paper will discern to the reader the incidents surrounding the Rwandan conflict and why UN didn’t intervene. Methodology This paper will employ qualitative research methodology to find out why UN was unable to pursue Intervention in Rwanda. It examines available literature on Rwanda Genocide, UN charter and international law pertaining to humanitarian intervention. It will specifically look for the impediments which obstructed UN intervention in the Rwandan conflict. It will begin with a brief history of the Rwandan conflict. Next, the case will be examined to determine whether the structure of the UN obstructed involvement in Rwanda. Following this, the case will be analyzed to determine if international law and the norms of the state system hindered UN intervention. The paper will then look to examine whether states' interests frustrated UN operations. Finally, the paper will explore whether domestic factors within Rwanda-such as the complexity of the conflict and terrain of the region stopped effective UN intervention. Background On April 6, 1994, hope for a peaceful transition to democracy and a broadly representative government ended when the plane ca rrying the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot down near the Kigali airport, allegedly by extremists in Habyarimana's own party (Des Forges 1999, 31). The death of the Rwandan President was followed by the systematic killing of political opponents of the regime, both Hutu and Tutsi, and a resumption of the civil war. The massacres that followed the death of the President appear to have been well planned, because the speed with which the militia singled out its victims suggests the 'Interahamwe', the pro-government militia, was prepared with their names and addresses (Power 2002, 41). For over three months, Rwanda was gripped by chaos and death which left, out of a population of 7.9 million, up to one million dead and five million internally and externally displaced. The events ground to an eventual stop, not through international pressure or intervention, but through the success of the RPF, which had taken control of most of the country. On July 19, 1994, the RPF established a broad- based national government, a day after declaring a unilateral cease-fire (Ronayne 2001, 13). The international community had responded to the tragedy in Rwanda with inaction (Stanton 2004, 9). Following the death of ten Belgian peacekeepers and the subsequent removal of the Belgian contingent from UNAMIR---reducing the mission's strength to 1,515 troops-the UN pulled most of its remaining peacekeepers out of Rwanda. This event coincided with the intensification of the genocidal campaigns. It seems the plan to drive the UN forces out of Rwanda through armed attack, clearing the way for the genocidal cam

What is the social responsibility of corporate management Essay

What is the social responsibility of corporate management - Essay Example CSR also describes the persistent dedication by a company to behave morally, and contribute to economic advancement while enhancing the value of life of the labour force and their families, as well as the neighbouring society. External stakeholders usually take a keen interest in the operations of an organization. These stakeholders usually examine the exterior circle of the organization. This implies that he stakeholders examine what the firm has done, excellent or awful, with regard to its products as well as services. They also investigate on a company’s effect on the ecology and neighbouring societies and how it supervises and advances its labour force. The stakeholders are also usually interested in a company’s financial performance which reflects the quality of supervision as a gauge of probable future performance (Trillbar, p. 1). There is evidence of divergent opinions of what CSR should mean from a number of diverse communities across the globe. Some individuals refer to CSR as a process that aims at building the capacity of communities for sustainable existence. It reveres cultural disparities and discovers the business chances in building the aptitudes of workers, the society and the national administration. This viewpoint presents that CSR is about benevolence to community. This is the conventional viewpoint of the concept of CSR as a charitable process. This implies that commercial enterprises make earnings, unconstrained apart from satisfying their responsibility to disburse taxes. Then these enterprises donate a portion of earnings to philanthropic courses. It is described as staining the act of the organization to obtain any advantage from the generosity. Conversely, there is also the standpoint of operating the principal business in a socially accountable manner, complemented by venture in societies for concrete, commerce case reasons. This standpoint is sustainable since the social accountability

Components Of An Information System Information Technology Essay

Components Of An Information System Information Technology Essay The purpose of this report is to give an analysis of MIS policies of Ufone Telecommunication Ltd. We evaluate the weaknesses and strengths. We will find MIS policies in organization and how far they are contributing to the business plan and we will also find how to improve the quality of product and the pressure of customers and frustrated employees. Analyzing the overall MIS approach in Ufone, we discuss the three policies. These policies do have a lot of weaknesses in them with some strong points as well. At the end we give our recommendation about how these MIS policies can be effective once again and how they can improve the production level through reward system. Ufone needs some immediate and drastic changes to keep the business going Ufone is a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company. Government heads Pakistan Telecommunication Company. It is the only Pakistani-owned cellular service provider in the country. It was founded 9 years ago with a fundamental target to build one unique telecommunications entity of Pakistan identity. Government adopted Ufone in January 2001, since then it has seen a dynamic and full throttled speed of development and prosperity. PTML, a 100% owned subsidiary of PTCL was established to operate cellular GSM 900 services. The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001. Ufone expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways to its coverage network. Ufone now covers over 300 key cities and prominent highways across Pakistan providing the customers best quality service and value for money. With a total current investment of over $350 Million, including a contract of $161 Million for expansion capacity for 2006-07, PTML believes in solid commitment to growth, security reliability. Ufone uses Siemenss infrastructure, and gets ongoing superior technological support from Siemens. Most importantly, it has Siemenss support in business Management. System Concepts: A system can be simply defined as a group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified whole. Many examples of systems can be found in the physical and biological sciences, in modern technology, and in human society. Thus, we can talk of the physical system of the sun and its planets, the biological system of the human body, the technological system of an oil refinery, and the socioeconomic system of a business organization. A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process. Such a system (sometimes called a dynamic system) has three basic interacting components or functions: Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed. For example, raw materials, energy, data, and human efforts must be secured and organized for processing. Processing involves transformation process that converts input into output. Examples are a manufacturing process, the human breathing process, or mathematical calculations. Output involves transferring elements that have been produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination. For example, finished products, human services, and management information must be transmitted to their human users. Example A manufacturing system accepts raw materials as input and produces finished goods as output. An information system also is a system that accepts resources (data) as input and process the min to products (information) as output. FEEDBACK AND CONTROL: A system with feedback and control components is sometimes called a cybernetic system, that is, a self-monitoring, self-regulating system. Feedback is data about the performance of a system. For example, data about sales performance is feedback to a sales manager. Control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal. The control function then makes necessary adjustments to a systems input and processing components to ensure that it produces proper output. For example, a sales manager exercises control when he or she reassigns salespersons to new sales territories after evaluating feedback about their sales performance. Feedback is frequently included as part of the concept of the control function because it is such a necessary part of its operation. Example A familiar example of a self-monitoring, self-regulating system is the thermostat controlled heating system found in many homes; it automatically monitors and regulates itself to COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM: An information system is a system that accepts data resources as input and processes them into information products as output. An information system depends on the resources of people (end users and IS specialists), hardware (machines and media), software (programs and procedures), data (data and knowledge basis), and networks (communications media and network support) to perform input, processing, output, storage, and control activities that convert data resources into information products. This information system model highlights the relationships among the components and activities of information systems. It provides a framework that emphasizes four major concepts that can be applied to all types of information systems: People, hardware, software, data, and networks are the five basic resources of information systems. A people resource include end users and IS specialists, hardware resources consisting of machines and media, software resources including both programs and HARDWARE RESOURCES. The concept of Hardware resources includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing. Specially, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is, all tangible objects on which data is recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic disks. Example of hardware in computer-based information systems are: Computer systems, which consist of central processing units containing microprocessors, and variety of interconnected peripheral devices. Examples are microcomputer systems, midrange computer systems, and large mainframe computer systems. Computer peripherals, which are devices such as a keyboard or electronic mouse for input of data and commands, a video screen or printer for output of information, and magnetic or optical disks for storage of data resources. SOFTWARE RESOURCES: The concept of Software Resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the sets of operating instructions called programs, which direct and control computer hardware, but also the sets of information processing instructions needed by people, called procedures. It is important to understand that even information systems that dont use computers have a software resource component. This is true even for the information systems of ancient times, or the manual and machine-supported information systems still used in the world today. They all require software resources in the form of information processing instructions and procedures in order to properly capture, process, and disseminate information to their users. INFORMATION SYSTEM ACTIVITIES: You should be able to recognize input, processing, output, storage and control activities taking place in any information system you are studying. INPUT OF DATA RESOURCE: Data about business transactions and other events must be captured and prepared for processing by the input activity. Input typically takes the form of data entry activities such as recording and editing. End uses typically record data about transactions on some type of physical medium such as paper form, or enter it directly into a computer system. This usually includes a variety of editing activities to ensure that they have recorded data correctly. Once entered, data may be transferred onto a machine-readable medium such as a magnetic disk until needed for processing. For example, data about sales transactions can be recorded on source documents such as paper sales order forms. (A source document is the original formal record of a transaction). Alternately, salespersons can capture sales data using computer keyboards or optical scanning devices; they are visually prompted to enter data correctly by video displays. This provides them with a more convenient and efficient user interface, that is, methods of end user input and output with a computer system. Methods such as optical scanning and displays of menus, prompts, and fill-in-the-blanks formats make it easier for end users to enter data correctly into an information system. PROCESSING OF DATA INTO INFORMATION: Data is typically subjected to processing activities such as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying, and summarizing. These activities organize, analyze and manipulate data, thus converting them into information for end users. The quality of any data stored in an information system must also be maintained by a continual process of correcting and updating activities. For example, data received about a purchase can be (1) added to a running total of sales results, (2) compared to a standard to determine eligibility for a sales discount, (3) sorted in numerical order based on product identification numbers, (4) classified into product categories (such as food and non-food items), (5) summarized to provide a sales manager with information about various product categories, and finally, (6) used to update sales records. OUTPUT OF INFORMATION PRODUCTS: Information in various forms is transmitted to end-users and made available to them in the output activity. The goal of information systems is the production of appropriate information products for end users. Common information products messages, reports, forms, and graphic images, which may be provided by video displays, audio responses, paper products, and multimedia. For example, a sales manager may view a video display to check on the performance of a salesperson, accept a computer-produced voice message by telephone, and receive a printout of monthly sales results. STORAGE OF DATA RESOURCE: Storage is a basic system component of information systems. Storage is the information system activity in which data and information are retained in an organized manner for later use. For example, just as written text material is organized into words, sentences, paragraphs, and documents, stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and database. This facilitates its later use in processing or its retrieval as output when needed by users of a system. CONTROL OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: An important information system activity is the control of its performance. An information system should produce feedback about its input, processing, output, and the system is meeting established performance standards. Then appropriate system activities must be adjusted so that proper information products are produced for end users. For example, a manager may discover that subtotals of sales amounts in a sales report do not add up to total sales. This might mean that data entry or processing procedures need to be corrected. Then changes would have to be made to ensure that all sales transactions. would be properly captured and processed by a sales information system. RECOGNIZING INFORMATION SYSTEM: There are many kinds of information systems in the real world. All of them use hardware, software, network, and people resources to transform data resources into information products. Some are simple manual information systems, where people use simple tools such as pencils and paper, or even machines such as calculators and typewriters. Others are computer based information systems that rely on a variety of networked computer systems to accomplish their information processing activities. As business end user, you should be able to recognize the fundamental components of information systems you encounter in the real world. This means that you should be able to identify. The people, hardware, software, data, and network resources they use. The type of information products they produce. The way they perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities. How they support the business operations, managerial decision-making, or competitive advantage of a business. This kind of understanding will help you be a better user, developer, and manager of information system. THE EXPANDING ROLES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM: You will also see that the roles given to the information systems functions have expand significantly over the years. TRENDS INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Until the 1990s, the role of information systems was simple, transaction processing, record-keeping, accounting, and other electronic data processing (EDP) applications. Then another role was added, as the concept of management information system (MIS) was conceived. This new role focused on providing managerial end users with predefined management reports that would give managers the information they needed for decision making purposes. By the 1970s, it was evident that the pre-specified information products produced by such management information systems were not adequately meeting many of the (DSS) was born. The new role for information systems was to provide managerial end users with ad hoc and interactive support of their decision-making processes. MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEMS: When information systems focus on providing information and support for effective decision making by managers, they are called management support systems. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Management information systems (MIS) are the most common form of management support systems. They provide managerial end users with information products that support much of their day-to-day decision-making needs. Management information systems provide a variety of reports and displays to management. The contents of these information products are specified in advance by managers so that they contain information that managers need. Management information systems retrieve information about internal operations from database that have been updated by transaction processing systems. They also obtain data about the business environment from external source. Information products provided to managers include displays and reports that can be furnished (1) on demand, (2) periodically, according to a predetermined schedule. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS: Decision support systems (DSS) are a natural progression from information reporting systems and transaction processing systems. Decision support systems are interactive, computer-based information systems that use decision models and specialized database to assist the decision making process of managerial end users. EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS: Executive information systems (EIS) are management information systems tailored to the strategic information needs of top management. Top executives get the information they need from many sources, including letters, memos, periodicals, and reports produced manually as well as by computer systems KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: Knowledge Management systems (KMS), Workers create, organize, and share important business knowledge wherever and whenever it is needed. For example, many knowledge management systems rely on Internet and intranet Web sites, knowledge bases, and discussion forums as key technologies for gathering, storing, and disseminating business knowledge. In this way, knowledge management systems facilitate organization learning and knowledge creation and dissemination within the business enterprise. STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: The strategic role of information systems involves using information technology to develop products, services, and capabilities that give a company strategic advantages over the competitive forces it faces in the global marketplace. This creates strategic information system, information systems that support or shape the competitive position and strategies of an enterprise. So a strategic information system can be any kind of information systems (TPS, MIS, DSS, etc.) that helps an organization gain a competitive advantage, reduce a competitive disadvantage, or meet other strategic enterprise objectives. BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS: As a future managerial end user, it is important for you to realize that information systems directly support both operations and management activities in the business functions of accounting, finance, human resource management, marketing, and operations management. Such business information systems are needed by all business functions. For example, marketing managers need information about sales performance and trends provided by marketing information systems. Financial managers need information concerning financing costs and investment returns provided by financial information systems. INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM: It is also important to realize that information systems in the real world are typically integrated combinations of several types of information systems we have just mentioned. Thats because conceptual classification of information systems are designed to emphasize the THE SYSTEMS APPROACH: The systems approach to problem solving used a systems orientation to define problems and opportunities and develop solutions. Studying a problem and formulating a solution involve the following interrelated activities: 1. Recognize and define a problem or opportunity using systems thinking. 2. Develop and evaluate alternative system solutions. 3. Select the system solution that best meets your requirements. 4. Design the selected system solution. 5. Implement and evaluate the success of the designed system. DEFINING PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES Problems and opportunities are identified in the first step of the systems approach. A problem can be defined as a basic condition that is causing undesirable results. An opportunity is a basic condition that presents the potential for desirable results. Symptoms must be separated from problems. Symptoms are merely signals of an underlying cause or problem. SYSTEMS THINKING: Systems thinking is to try to find systems, subsystems, and components of systems in any situation your are studying. This viewpoint ensures that important factors and their interrelationships are considered. This is also known as using a systems context, or having a systemic view of a situation. example, the business organization or business process in which a problem or opportunity arises could be viewed as a system of input, processing, output, feedback, and control components. Then to understand a problem and save it, you would determine if these basic system functions are being properly performed. Example The sales function of a business can be viewed as a system. You could then ask: Is poor sales performance (output) caused by inadequate selling effort (input), out-of-date sales procedures (processing), incorrect sales information (feedback), or inadequate sales management (control)? Figure illustrates this concept. C:UserskarlDesktopGraph.jpg SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: It is an in-depth study of end user information needs that produces functional requirements that are used as the basis for the design of a new information system. Systems analysis traditionally involves a detailed study of: 1. The information needs of the organization and end users like yourself. 2. The activities, resources, and products of any present information systems. 3. The information system capabilities required to meet your information needs, and those of other end users. ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS: An organization analysis is an important first step in systems analysis. How can anyone improve an information system if they know very little about the organizational environment in which that system is located? They cant. Thats why the members of a development team have to know something about the ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM: Before you design a new system, it is important to study the system that will be improved or replaced (if there is one). You need to analyze how this system uses hardware, software, network, and people resources to convert data resources, such as transactions data, into information products, such as reports and displays. Then you should document how the information system activities of input, processing, output, storage, and control are accomplished. Operating Systems: The most important system software package for any computer is its operating system. An operating system is an integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users. The primary purpose of an operating system is to maximize the productivity of a computer system by operating it in the most efficient manner. An operating system minimizes the amount of human intervention required during processing. It helps your application programs perform common operations Database Management Systems. A DBMS program helps organization use their integrated collections of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. For example, a DBMS makes it easy for an employee database to be accessed by payroll, employee benefits, and other human resource programs. A DBMS also simplifies the process of retrieving information from databases in the form of displays and reports. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, end users can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide fourth-generation language (4GLs) and other application development features. Examples of popular mainframe and midrange packages are DB2 by IBM and Oracle 8 by Oracle Corporation. Other System Management Programs: Several other types of system management software are marketed as separate programs or are included as part of an operating system. Utility programs, or utilities, are an important example. Programs like Norton Utilities perform miscellaneous housekeeping and file conversion functions. Examples include data backup, data recovery, virus protection, data compression, and file defragmentation. Most operating systems also provide many utilities that perform a variety of helpful chores for computer users. Other examples of system support programs include performance monitors and security monitors. Performance monitors are programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently, Security monitors are packages that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources. A recent trand is to merge both types of programs into operating systems like Microsofts Windows NT Server, or into system management software like Computer Associates CAUnicenter, that can manage both mainframe systems and servers in a data centre. Advantages and Disadvantages: A high-level language is obviously easier to learn and understand than an assembler language. Also, high-level languages have less-rigid rules, forms, and syntaxes, so the potential for errors is reduced. However, high-level languages programs are usually less efficient than assembler language programs and require a greater amount of computer time for translation into machine instructions. Business Applications of Telecommunications. Telecommunications is the sending of information in any form (e.g., voice, data, text, and images) from one place to another using electronic or light-emitting media. Data communications is a more specific term that describes the transmitting and receiving of data over communication links between one or more computer systems and a variety of input/output terminals. The terms teleprocessing, telematics, and telephony may also be used since they reflect the integration of computer-based information processing with telecommunications and telephone technology. However, all forms of telecommunications now rely heavily on computers and computerized devices. For this reason, the broader term telecommunications can be used as a synonym for data communications activities. Figure illustrates some of the many possible business applications of telecommunications. It groups telecommunications applications into the major categories of enterprise collaboration systems, electronic commerce systems, The Internet Revolution: The explosive growth of the Internet is the revolutionary technology phenomenon of the 1990s. The Internet has become the largest and most important network of networks today, and is evolving into the information superhighway of tomorrow. The Internet is constantly expanding, as more and more businesses and other organizations and their users, computers, and networks join its global web. Thousands of business, educational, and research networks now connect millions of computer systems and users in more than 200 countries to each other. The Internet has also become a key platform for a rapidly expanding list of information and entertainment services and business applications, including enterprise collaboration and electronic commerce systems.