Incredible India Essay

From ancient times, India has been looked upon as a place full of Mystique. In olden days time travelers like Huen Tsang came a long way with a great difficulty just to have felt of the place. But now in modern times, with supersonic jets, the world has become a smaller and has been named as a â€Å"global village†. With the destinations becoming so much closer the tourist are pouring into India from all over the world leading to a fast development of tourism industry and yet it has not grown to its fullest potential. History has lost count of hordes of humanity which have travelled and through this land of vibes and wisdom; explorers, travelers, traders and invaders have been drawn to her shores. Fa Hien and Hieun Tsang came from China in search of Bhuddha’s calm serenity; from Alexander to Tamburlaine and Nadir Shah, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Shah Ghauri to Babar, and Vasco-De-Gama to East India Company. All came here to fill their coffers with the wealth of this land; Jews, Parsees, Muhammedans, Christians, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Orientals and Europeanshave been all made welcome here. Greek Chronicler Megasthenes, North African traveler Ibn-e-batuta, Arab explorer Al Biruni and the Russian traveler Afanasi Nikitin, have all been making a beeline to this land and could not fail to be impressed. Mark Twain said of this country, way back in 1896, â€Å"†¦.nothing has been left undone, either by men or nature to make India the most extraordinary country that the sun visits on his round!†

Class conflict in A Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Class conflict is represented throughout the play, A Streetcar Named Desire in various ways through characters, symbols, ideas and language. Characters such as Blanche, Stella, Mitch and Stanley are used throughout the text to represent the upper and lower classes, as well as the conflict between the two classes. Symbols, ideas and language help to define the different classes as well as helping to represent the conflict between classes. The language (dialogue) of the characters, symbolic use of names, animal imagery and colour (clothes) and the ideas of cultural capital help to define what the lower and upper classes are. A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams was written in 1947. The story takes place in New Orleans, and can be read as being during any year between May and September. The story revolves around Blanche Dubois and her conflict with Stanley Kowalski. Blanche’s character represents the old aristocratic south and the upper class of the play through her manner and cultural capital (her education and sophisticated dialogue). She’s cultivated and bound by heritage (Belle Reve) and tradition. The upper class is associated with intellectual strength. Stanley represents the new industrial south and the lower class of the play through his job at the steel mill, use of slang and his ignorance. His society is based on force and ingenuity. The lower class is associated with physical strength. From the beginning, the conflict between the two classes is prominent. The working class is predatory and survives and triumphs with two elements, which the upper class lacks, vitality and strength. The conflict of class is evident and we see how Blanche and the old south are fragile, and it’s only a matter of time before Stanley, the new south crushes it’s opposition. Class conflict is effectively represented through clothes and the symbolic use of colour and animal imagery. The conflict becomes evident during the first scene when we first meet Blanche and Stanley. Blanche is dressed in her white proper clothing (â€Å"†¦She is daintily dressed in a white suit with a fluffy bodice, necklace and ear-rings of pearl, white gloves and hat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Scene One), whilst Stanley is dressed in dirty denim work clothes (â€Å"†¦roughly dressed in blue denim work clothes†¦ carries his bowling jacket†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Scene One). Blanche is often dressed in white, pale, timid  colours, whereas Stanley is dressed in bright bold colours. Stanley’s bright colours overpowers Blanche’s pale colours. Blanche is symbolised as the aristocratic moth and Stanley the common cave man. The symbol of colour helps the reader construct the inevitable doom of the fragile upper class (Blanche) by the strong lower class (Stanley). These symbols of colour and animal imagery related to each character, helps reinforce the conflict between the Old South (upper class) and the New South (lower class). The language (dialogue) of each character and symbolic use of names help in constructing ideas of class conflict in this play. Blanche speaks in a quiet, refined voice and uses sophisticated language (â€Å"†¦- Only Poe! Only Mr Edgar Allan Poe! – could do it justice!† Scene One, Blanche). This constructs Blanche to be fragile and vulnerable, with the cultural capital of sophistication. Blanche uses her speech on a high level, searching for values and reflecting education in her manner. Stanley yells and hollers and uses unsophisticated language. (â€Å"[Bellowing]: Hey, there! Stella, Baby!† Scene One, Stanley) Stanley’s speech is often dotted with exclamations and short, to the point sentences. Stanley uses his speech to express his wants, likes and dislikes. This further constructs Stanley as loud and strong. Blanche is shown to be singing throughout the text, which in turn aggravates Stanley. This further shows the conflict between the two charact ers through language (dialogue). The use of names in this play helps in constructing the separate classes. The names Blanche Dubois and Stanley Kowalski help construct different representations of class. The name Blanche means white and creates the irony of Blanche not being as white and pure as her name represents. In contrast the name Stanley offers no specific meaning in relation to meaning in the play. Secondly the name Dubois sounds aristocratic, with a possible proud heritage, whereas the name Kowalski sounds more modern. A Dubois speaks softly and flittingly, as the name is pronounced, whereas a Kowalski speaks loudly and brutally as the name is said. Kowalski’s enjoy loud, rowdy poker parties, whilst Dubois’s wince and prefer teas, cocktail parties and luncheons. The names of these two characters help in constructing the conflict between the two classes. The dialogue of Blanche and Stanley and the symbolic use of names help to construct class conflict in the play, A Streetcar Named Desire. Stella represents the old south being converted by the new south. Blanche fights for Stella to come back and be part of the old south again, accusing Stella of being blinded by desire for Stanley (â€Å"What you are talking about is brutal desire – just – Desire!† Scene Four, Blanche). Elysian fields is described as having an atmosphere of decay. This scenery is contrasted to the image of white pillars at Belle Reve. This contrast is to highlight the difference in the world Stella has chosen (lower class lifestyle), and the world she was brought up in (upper class lifestyle). Colour is used by Stanley to keep Stella part of the new south. (â€Å"†¦You showed me the snapshot of the place with the columns. I pulled you down of them columns and how you loved it, having them coloured lights going!† Scene Eight, Stanley). The class conflict between Blanche and Stanley is evident, through them trying to convert Stella. The idea of cultural capital is important when discussing class in the text. Blanche, Stella and Mitch possess an aspect of cultural capital. Blanche and Stella have cultural capital through their education, manner and heritage. Mitch is seen to be in between the old and new south. He holds his own cultural capital, enjoying the finer things of life, like poetry and music. We see how Mitch feels at ease when he is with Blanche, because of his love for the arts. Blanche, Stella and Mitch are also quite polite and have that air of gentility. Alternately Stanley is the only ‘main’ character to be without cultural capital. He has no manners and is rough and tough (â€Å"Mr Kowalski is too busy making a pig of himself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Scene eight, Stella). He doesn’t value tradition or gentility. He values alcohol, violence and desire. Through cultural capital we see the conflict between the classes and their values. The use of language in the play works effectively to define between the two classes. The lower class is associated with slang, whilst the upper class is associated with sophisticated language. The symbolic use of names, animal imagery and colour are important in also contrasting between the two classes. Finally the idea of cultural capital works in highlighting the class conflicts between the upper class or old south and the lower class or  new south. In A Streetcar Named Desire the conflict of class is evident and we see how Blanche, the aristocratic south is fragile, and it’s only a matter of time before Stanley, the industrial south destroys every shred of Blanche, the old south.

Drug Abuse- a Menace to the Society

Drug Abuse is a serious issue affecting all sections of the society, Irrespective whether they are Young/Old, Poor/Rich, and Educated/Illiterate. To really understand the gravity of the situation one needs to understand a few very important points;- what actually is Drug-Abuse? As I understand a very simple definition of Drug abuse is that it means use of drugs for the purpose for which it is not meant to be used (in other words use of drugs not for treating ailments but to satisfy vicarious pleasure ). The destructive thing about this is that when people experience the hallucination under the influence of these drugs, they would like to this again & again causing a serious Drug Addiction. Now let’s try to understand the various Drugs frequently abused. The Most Common that is used by more than 80% of the people is Marijuana also called Ganja or Grass or weed in colloquial language. The most dangerous aspect to be noted is that in spite of being labeled a Banned Drug, Marijuana is available very easily to all & sundry. The reason for it to be a favorite among the Drug addicts is that it is not very expensive & it gives an instant kick and can be had instantly without even letting a non smoker know about it. We see thousands of people smoking cigarettes everyday & their may be many of them smoking Ganja & still we won’t know about it. Even though this is not an appropriate time to say I cannot prevent myself from saying that the If the Law enforcing authorities are strict, this menace can be controlled to a very large extent. Why would people get addicted to this? Other than the reasons of being easily available etc, as mentioned above Chemically a substance called as THC ( Tetra Hydroxy Cannibinol) a ketone present in this Drug makes the body become dependent on it. The relaxation it brings to the smoker along with the euphoria it creates makes the smoker misconceive that this actually is not destructive & some regulars believe that smoking grass helps in harnessing their creativity. Once again this is a misconception which needs urgent rattention. . Now let us see How it becomes a menace to the person abusing it so that we can understand how it affects the society. As the time goes by & the addiction takes root, it causes various personality disorders, serious psychological behavioral problems & loss of priority resulting in Poor judgments, Slowed reflexes, Distorted vision, Memory lapse, Anxiety, Confusion, Constant physical fights, tiredness, Black outs, Lowered inhibitions & problems in remembering recently said or did. They even start believing that Drugs is necessary to have fun & to even to exist. They constantly feel run-down or depressed leading to suicidal tendencies. They constantly complain of Dry mouth, Nausea, Head ache, decreased co-ordination, Increased Heart rates, Reduced Muscle strength, increased appetite & craving. Drugs & Alcohol together are contributing factors in at least half of all murders, Suicides, & Car accidents in an inebriated condition. Drug dependency pushes people to loose their self esteem & make them promiscuous. Approximately there are 1 lakh deaths occurring per year because of Drugs. The Illegal drug Mafia has a firm grip on the Market & is a very big source of funding Terrorism. Of course Marijuana is not the only drug & there are more serious Drugs like Cocaine, Heroin, LSD, and Phencyclidine which are more dangerous but luckily they are not very common as these are expensive, difficult to procure & more harmful. These drugs are snorted, smoked or injected. When these drugs are taken thru injections, it increases the chances of transmitting AIDS & HIV by sharing of needles. The Good News is that more than 98% of the teens have never tried these harder drugs like cocaine. Let me see if we can do anything about this, first of all on a personal level if we find our friends or other young people indulging in it, we have to report to the family immediately. On the family level care should be taken in handling these people & we should give them all the love & support to overcome the addictions with the help of De-addiction clinics. On a bigger scale the society of which we are a part of should take stringent steps to see there are no peddlers or users among them & finally the state should introspect & see why it cannot be rooted out if there is a will & conviction among them. My friends, Recently we saw the Grammy award winner Amy whinehouse dying at the age of 27 because of Alcohol & Drugs. It’s a pity that such a great talent has to loose out to Drugs. I can go on & on about the menace the Drug Abuse causes to the Individual first & then the society, but I feel the more we dwell upon it, the more we would be energizing it, so lets all say NO TO DRUGS & Promise to ourselves & to the society that we would weed out this menace in our generation completely.

Use of coconut oil as a renewable resource in 2050 Research Proposal - 1

Use of coconut oil as a renewable resource in 2050 - Research Proposal Example The fuel triggers environmental effluence that leads to universal heating (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005). Given the effect, the world is now moving towards the use of renewable energy and the coconut oil is emerging as a possible source. The negative effect of the petroleum oil has made policy makers and environmentalists to research on renewable fuels that is environmental friendly. Among the possible source of fuel that can be put in place by 2050 is the coconut fuel. According to Alamu and his fellow scholars, the fuel is growing in popularity and scientists are working on a research that foresee the extensive use of the oil (Alamu, Dehinbo, & Sulaiman, 2010). Countries that would benefit from the fuel will be more than the current countries that produce the petroleum fuel. Every country in the coastal region can benefit from the product. The notion is that the coconut fruit grows widely in the coastal region, and a healthy tree can produce up to 120 fruits per annum (Alamu, Dehinbo, & Sulaiman, 2010). The fuel produced from the fruit can be used to power a diesel engine and therefore become a direct adjunct to diesel (Saxena, 2014). The productivity of the fuel is increasing as the stakeholders realise the impor tance of the fuel. The south pacific region is one of the areas that has acknowledged the importance of the fuel (Namakin, 2007). In this region, industries are adopting the use of the green fuel. The production of the fruit has been heightened to reduce the cost associated with the high demand of the product. The countries in this area are using the coconut fuel to produce electrical energy according to the FAO report (FAO, n.d.). Since the petroleum oil is cannot be replenished back, the long-run cost will be high. The high cost usually makes most of the countries to spend a lot on the oil. The cost incurred in importing fossil fuel have been cut, therefore, saving on

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Information Policy - Essay Example However, domain shutdowns and three strike rule have helped reduce cases of piracy. The problem is on peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing sites where privacy is a thorny issue. How can P2P sites be checked for copyright issues without violating privacy? Indeed, top level domains are critical infrastructure that facilitate access to government services. The shutdown of such sites can cripple countries and states. However, some large sites such as Google have a lot of users, more than even the populations of most countries. Do you believe that the shutdown of a site such as Google can cripple the internet? The issue of sites such as pirate bay’s continued existence is as a result of reluctance in the copyright enforcement agencies such as the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The ICE only redirects traffic from the site by changing the domain access of a site to a different site without the pirated material (DeNardis, 2015). This temporary shutdown contributes to the continued existence of sites such as Pirate Bay. The ICE should improve their information technology skills so that they can track the physical address of the servers used to carry out piracy. Additionally, the ICE should confiscate all servers and any materials used to carry out piracy, and arrest and prosecute the copyright violators. Although closing down domains and arresting individuals who download copyright materials will not completely stop piracy, it will helping reduce its occurrence. However, it needs improvement as indicated above. What are the better ways, from your perspective, which can reduce copyrights and trademarks violations, or do you believe that the war against piracy can never be

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employment law - Essay Example The employee breached the covenant and worked with one of the competitors in the course of the 3 years, hence forcing the plaintiff to seek court injunction restraining him from continuing with the competitor’s business (Lewis and Sargeant, 2004). The injunction was granted by the court on the grounds that it was reasonable to both parties. Therefore, the reasonableness of the terms of the covenant is the important factor a court considers when making a ruling. In our study case, the two clauses are reasonable, for instance, because 12 months is not a very long time and 20 miles radius is a fair distance. However, possible breach must be directly related to these terms. Clause 13 (a) intends to restraint Ian from working as a Director for any UK-based Film Corporation, which means that this cannot be enforceable because Ian left to become a Senior lecturer rather than a Director. However, Clause 13 (b) will be enforceable because the defendant is leaving to work for a firm, wh ich is connected with film industry located within the 12 restricted miles. Advise Julia of any rights that she may have under the Equality Act 2010 in the way that she has been treated. Equality Act 2010 protects Julia from discrimination based on her gender. Her employer owes her a right to establish policies, which should protect her from being discriminated by the male colleagues. Under sex discrimination, the Act protects her from being treated less favorably by her colleagues merely because she is a female and has been promoted. Julia’s colleagues have created an unfair, hostile, intimidating, humiliating, degrading and offensive environment for her considering the actions they have unleashed on her. All these acts have been spelt out clearly under this Act and she can successfully file a suit against her perpetrators. Altogether, the Equity Act 2010 protects Julia from demotion from her status on discrimination grounds, her employer does not have a right to demote her unless there is some legitimate reason such as poor performance or incapacitation (Wadham et al., 2012). Advise Kai on whether she can be classed as an employee for purposes of claiming benefits. Under the UK employment law, Kai could be eligible for payment of benefits after employment if she was contributing to a pension scheme while in job. There are a variety of social security schemes, some of which are compulsory and must be implemented by the employers. An example of such compulsory schemes is the state social scheme, which entitles the employer to share the monthly payments with the employees. Nonetheless, only those employees who are employed full-time takes part in the compulsory and the state pension scheme contribution. Although Kai has worked for English Hearts Film Corporation for eight years now, the employment contract still recognizes her as a casual employee and hence not eligible for the compulsory social scheme contribution (Lewis and Sargeant, 2004). Notably, ho wever, Kai could be eligible to receive the benefits even without having contributed if his job is terminated unfairly. From the terms of his job, it seems he has worked for the University for the past eight years with 12 months full payment every year plus other benefits. This means that his job cannot be terminated by of lack of enrollment without being unfair to him. The

Postmodern in planning theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Postmodern in planning theory - Essay Example Examining the philosophies of town planning in regards to postmodernism then provide different insight into the approach which is taken to build and reconstruct a town with ideologies of the modern city. When looking at the concept of postmodernism, it can be seen that the identity of culture and society is the driving force of implementing new developments with cities. The philosophies of postmodernism are then defined by forces in society which are creating the changes and the new systems and pieces of architecture which are being set in urban developments. The concept of the postmodern is one which is identified as the celebration of difference and suspicion of the truth (Allmendinger, 25). Many consider it a paradox, specifically because it identifies art, creativity, culture and other facets of life in multidimensional respects. These dimensions are based on creating a definition of completeness to a given arena. This is combined with the idea of creating completeness from the sense of the modern, which is based on post – industrial methodologies of production as well as information as a driving force in society. The changes which society makes in relation to these dimensions then becomes the celebration of difference and the acceptance of diversity within a given area. These driving forces then create an understanding of the conditions of modern life, which is what becomes attributed to the making of the postmodern city (Allmendinger, 28). The concept of postmodernism and the main philosophies then become directly attributed to the building of a city, art, architecture and other applications within society. The main concept is to promote the same modern principles of what it means to be a contemporary city while creating a collage of social and cultural differences which can be celebrated. These are combined with various types of diversity and practices in the city, all which can be developed and

Assignment of Acc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment of Acc - Essay Example 129). Among number of departments, the name of finance department is one of them. Finance department is responsible to manage and utilize the funds of the company as a whole. There are number of concepts that come under the ambit of finance and its related literature. Concepts are now moving and enhancing with perfection as well (WILLIAM G. DROMS, Jay O. Wright, 2010, pp.176). Among number of concepts, the name of fund management is one of them, which has its own recognition and importance in a broad nutshell. Managing the funds is an important provision and organizations always have to do something to do the same (NEELAN, Michael H., 2007, pp. 148). The main theme of this assignment is to pen down a sort of analysis broadly refers to cost management stance. The company name of Cycler mate and there are 4 different options from which the entire productivity of the company would be analyze accordingly. Option-1 Stop selling through cycle shops, and focus instead on building up direct mail order and internet sales Cost efficiency is one of the most integral and important part of an organization through which an entity could get the desired result (WARREN, David R., 1997, pp. 57). Organizations have to consider different options in order to get the things done accordingly. Currently, there are number of selling options are available which could be consider by a company or a management to pursue, merely to decrease down the level of cost association. In this scenario, the company is strategizing to go with internet based sales instead of focusing on the selling of the cycles through the cycle shops. Selling the cycles to the consumers with this particular action, will certainly decrease the level of cost of the company and resultantly will increase the financial belongings of the company as a whole. The budgeted figure of this scenario is mentioned below, Sales units price ? Cost Per Sale direct mail order and internet 1,100 700 1.57 cycle shop 1,400 420 3.33 The c omparative analysis of direct mail order and internet and cycle shop is mentioned below in details, year to 12/30/2012 12/30/2011 12/30/2010 12/30/2009 12/30/2008 Â   units units units units units direct sales units 1,055 1,178 967 850 743 shop sales units 1,450 1,621 1,334 1,172 1,010 Total units 2,505 2,799 2,301 2,022 1,753 Difference 395 443 367 322 267 Project Revenue through Direct Sales = 1100 * 700 = 770,000 Project revenue through Cycle Shops = 1400 * 420 = 588,000 Difference = 182,000 270 more cyle units would have been sold by the company to increase the revenue through direct selling 1100 + 270 = 1370 * 700 = 959,000 In order to break even, sales through cycle shop should be of 1833 units in total Project Revenue through Direct Sales = 1100 * 700 = 770,000 Project revenue through Cycle Shops = 1833 * 420 = 770,000 The main strength of this particular strategy is getting the figure of the units which would have been required by the companies to use accordingly, while the re is no risk associated with the same. Option-2 According to the analysis, the price which was mentioned in the year 2011 was the best price for the company as a

Sonnys Blues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sonnys Blues - Essay Example This same characteristic is demonstrated in his unwillingness to consider the words of Sonny’s old friend outside the school. However, the seeds of change are already planted and hope for a different future is suggested in the narrator’s willingness to listen to Sonny in the end. Because of his previous inability to listen to others, the narrator created division between himself and his brother that prevented him from understanding the drug difficulties his brother was experiencing, yet his newfound willingness to try listening suggests hope for both brothers’ futures. Music emerges as a tremendous symbol of the narrator’s increasing ability to listen to what others are saying. This begins when he listens to a boy whistling as an escape from the angry laughter of the others. As the narrator listens more carefully to Sonny’s old friend, he begins to understand those around him at a greater depth and he begins to hear the music inside the bar. Just before Sonny finally risks telling his brother about his music gig at a bar that evening, Baldwin describes a touching scene in which the narrator observes a musical group on the sidewalk. He seems to be starting to understand the messages the music is conveying. Finally, although he’s never understood Sonny’s music before, the narrator agrees to try and does finally understand what is being said through Sonny’s music. Throughout the story, the narrator shows increasing growth in his ability to listen to others, symbolized through the music of the streets in which he and his brother exist. As the narrator begins to hear the underlying messages of the music around him, he can be seen to understand more of what his brother and others have been trying to tell him. Finally, his willingness to try to listen to Sonny reveals an ability to understand his brother’s music.

Sally hemings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sally hemings - Essay Example Physical and sexual abuses were part of their slave lives, and family relationships were always unstable because slave trades frequently broke up families. The American colonies practiced this slavery throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, until the American Civil War and leaders like Abraham Lincoln put an end to it. However, even after the abolishment of slavery system, the legacy of slavery influenced the American history, in the disruptive years of Reconstruction. When slavery existed in United States of American, it was considered to be a cruel part of history. However, for Sally Hemings, it was a completely different story. She gave up freedom for many uncertain reasons. The different facets of Hemings as concubine, mother, slave, and the privileges she had for being a slave is analyzed in detail. â€Å"Being a woman added burdens to a slaves life but also furthered the ‘cooperation and interdependence’ necessary for a womans survival†.1 This statement aptly fits the life of Sally Hemings. She was a enslaved woman of mixed-race who was owned by then President, Thomas Jefferson. She was said to have had a long-term relationship with Jefferson, consequently bearing as many as six children with him. She was born in 1773 to Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings and John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson’s father-in-law. She entered Monticello as part of inheritance that was given to his Jefferson’s wife Martha Wayles Jefferson. Initially, she was a nursemaid to Jefferson’s daughters doing household chores and other works that an enslaved woman would do. Later, in 1784, when Jefferson travelled to Paris, Hemings accompanied him with his 8-year old daughter named Martha. It is said that it was during this time that the relationship between Jefferson and Hemings could have developed. There are many instances to show that Sally Hemings gave up her

International accounting group Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International accounting group - Coursework Example One of the benefits also include the access to the wide market when Toyota manufactures and assembles in these countries and the access to the market is cheaper as compared to the situation where Toyota manufacture in Japan and export it. The cost effectiveness for Toyota by manufacturing and assembling outside Japan is one of the major reason as the manufacturing cost in Japan is much higher than other countries and especially from developing countries. Toyota is considering to setup the manufacturing and assembly operations in under developed countries where the costs are cheap and is much beneficial for the company. Competing against General Motors in North America and with high financial stability along with the target of covering most of the markets it is beneficial for Toyota to get advantage from every opportunity that seams feasible and cut down costs and cover most of the markets. Solution 2 Toyota has been known for its quality control that it has thrived to provide keeping low costs for its products and its target customers. Like every large company it has made efforts to expand its operations and shown the great presence in markets like US. The basic purpose of expansion is to capture the market and increase its share it has always been strategic decision for the corporates as they ample opportunities for growth. However along with the opportunities management also has to focus on the risks that they might face that would have the potential to undermine their current status. Toyota has focused on TQM (total quality management) and along with processes have been sharp that enable just in time inventory. At overseas the quality of production facility might not be as that Toyota requires along with that it is would be burden and challenge for management while in headquarters in Japan to ensure the standards of facility and production raw material that they receive. Toyota’s policy of learn local might not prevail in every region that they plan t o operate as initial access would be to local markets that might not provide quality material. It’s design and technology that really matters in the automobile industry and in overseas it becomes even harder for company to ensure secrecy of its designs. Every region has different culture, requirements and most important of all government regulations that create a huge risk. Being a multinational Toyota always faces a threat regarding the foreign exchange. Solution 3 The recommended plant citation within North America is in the United States because as per the clause when 62% of the cost is covered in United States then the company shall be allowed to the free movement of its products within United States, Canada and Mexico. Toyota should consider the market conditions as to what type of facility should be considered best whether manufacturing or assembly and the demand of its products that is within the United States, Canada and Mexico as this will give Toyota the access to t he markets of these three countries as they are the members of North American Free Trade Agreement. The environmental and legal laws should be considered as Toyota has to comply with the legislations of United States in order to be operative. The cost that Toyota will bear should be less than the other

Adoption and the Care of Orphan Children Essay Example for Free

Adoption and the Care of Orphan Children Essay A common conception is that Islamic law forbids adoptions. However, this belief misses the complexity of Islamic law, the scope of adoption laws and practices across the world, and the overwhelming emphasis on taking care of orphans and foundlings found within Islamic sources. Contemporary adoption practices are immensely complex issues, overlapping with children’s rights, international and national laws, human psychology, economic, social, and religious concerns, and the ethics of lineage, identity, property and inheritance rights. In this position paper, the Muslim Women’s Shura Council considers whether adoption can be possible within an Islamic framework. After examining Islamic texts and history alongside social science research and the international consensus on children’s rights, the Council finds that adoption can be acceptable under Islamic law and its principle objectives, as long as important ethical guidelines are followed. This statement consults the Quran, the example of the Prophet Muhammad (sunna), the objectives and principles of Islamic law (maqasid al-sharia), Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh), and social science data. The Shura Council finds that, instead of banning adoption, Islamic sources have brought various ethical restrictions to the process, condemning dissimulation and foregrounding compassion, transparency, and justice. These restrictions closely resemble what is known today as the practice of open adoption. Therefore, when all efforts to place orphaned children with their extended family have been exhausted, open, legal, ethical adoptions can be a preferable Islamically-grounded alternative to institutional care and other unstable arrangements. According to Islamic and universal standards of children’s rights, all children have the right to grow up in a nurturing, loving environment where their physiological, psychological, and intellectual needs are met. All children have the right to know their lineage and to celebrate their unique national, cultural, linguistic, and spiritual identity. All children have the right to a safe, supportive environment where their rights to dignity, education, and the development of their talents are well respected. The best interests of the child should be the primary consideration in all decisions relating to children, including adoption. Orphan: Different states and international institutions have different criteria for determining whether a child is an orphan. UNICEF classifies any child that has lost one parent as an orphan and estimates that approximately 143 million children are currently orphans.1 For the purposes of this document, an orphan is a minor who is bereft of parental care due to death, disappearance, or abandonment by either the mother or the father, as well as situations where the parent voluntarily or involuntarily terminates the parental relationship. This definition combines several concepts in classical Arabic, including yatim (fatherless child) and laqit (foundling). Adoption: Adoption can be defined as the legal creation of a parent-child relationship, with all the responsibilities and privileges thereof, between a child and adults who are not his or her biological parents. Adoptions incorporate a child into a family as offspring and sibling, regardless of genetic ties. There are two main categories of adoption practices, generally termed as closed adoptions and open adoptions. However, in reality most adoption practices fall somewhere on a continuum between fully open and fully closed. In â€Å"closed† or â€Å"confidential† adoptions, the birth family and the adoptive family have no identifying information about each other. Children may not be informed that they have been adopted, and they may have no way of tracing biological kin. If the child comes from a different cultural background than his or her adoptive parents, their heritage might be marginalized or ignored. Closed adoptions, therefore, have the potential to dissolve all ties between an adoptee and her biological family. â€Å"Open† adoptions, which are becoming increasingly common across the world, allow for a full disclosure of identities on both sides. Open adoptions facilitate direct interaction between the adoptive family, the adopted child, and any birth relatives. The child’s birth culture may more easily be respected and promoted by the adoptive family and incorporated into the family’s daily life. However, the categories of closed and open are better understood as idealized types, as most families experience a hybrid form of adoption that comprises elements of both open and closed adoption practices. The empirical data on the risks and benefits of each type of adoption has shown mixed results, with some adopted children embracing the opportunity to contact their birth families and others experiencing confusion and insecurity.2 Generally, however, open adoptions are associated with better psychological and behavioral outcomes for the child. With the exception of Indonesia, Malaysia, Somalia, Tunisia, and Turkey, the laws of most Muslimmajority states do not currently permit legal adoption. Instead, laws permit a system of guardianship (kafala), which resembles foster-parenting, but is more stable. Kafala is defined as â€Å"the commitment to voluntarily take care of the maintenance, of the education and of the protection of a minor, in the same way a *parent would do for a child+.†5 According to Jamila Bargach, kafala is seen as â€Å"primarily a gift of care and not a substitute for lineal descent.† In other words, kafala involves the obligations of guardianship and maintenance without the creation of legal ties, which would produce specific personal status legal entitlements. This type of guardianship does not sever the biological family bonds of the child or alter the descent lines for the adopting family. Unlike foster-parenting, kafala is intended to be a permanent arrangement for a minor. Like fosterparenting and adoption, kafala is mediated by the state, in contrast to informal or â€Å"customary† adoptions which take place within families or through secret agreements. Convergences between Kafala and Adoption Whereas this statement focuses on adoption and not kafala, in some cases kafala may lead to adoption. Countries with strict application of â€Å"non-international kafala,† like Iran, Mauritania, and Egypt, reject any legal recognition between kafala and adoption. Citizens of these countries who reside in other countries, where adoption is the law of the land, cannot gain guardianship of a child with the intention of adopting that child in their state of residency. Other states, like Morocco, Algeria, Jordan and Pakistan, allow for placements of kafala children abroad, particularly with nationals living in foreign countries, with certain stipulations. Tunisia and Indonesia allow for a full convergence of kafala and adoption, limiting adoptions to national applicants, whether living in the country or abroad. Islamic Law: The term â€Å"Islamic law† refers to two related, yet distinct concepts, which are often conflated: Sharia and Fiqh. Sharia literally means â€Å"the way† and is a transcendental ideal that embodies the justice and compassion inherent in the totality of God’s will. Fiqh, which literally means â€Å"understanding,† is Islamic jurisprudence and juristic law, which has developed from the eighth century onwards as a human effort to interpret the Sharia. Fiqh has been developed by Muslim legal scholars through analysis of the Quran and the example (sunna) of the Prophet Muhammad, with the aim of securing justice according to the context of each society, time (zaman), and place (makan).7 Adoption in pre-Islamic Arabia During the pre-Islamic period in Arabia, adoption (al-tabanni) into a tribe often took place for socioeconomic and patriarchal reasons. Al-tabanni is derived from the Arabic word ibn, meaning â€Å"son.† In keeping with the patriarchal norms of the era, adoptees were usually, if not always, male.11 People adopted mainly to secure an heir and/or additional warriors for the tribe. Adoption could take place at any time in a persons life, from childhood to adulthood, even if the adoptee’s biological parents were alive.12 The adoptee automatically earned full rights and the responsibilities of a biological child and was given the adoptive father’s name. Since male children were considered a source of wealth and prestige, this benefited the adoptive father.13 Often adoption was undertaken in self-interest with the intention of usurping an orphan’s property, as the adoptive parents would end up managing an orphaned child’s property. In addition, adoption was closely linked to enslavement; captors held the power to strip captives of their birth identities and appropriate them into their families.14 For these reasons, pre-Islamic adoption entailed a complete â€Å"erasure of natal identity.

Krispy Kreme Objectives

Krispy Kreme Objectives Krispy Kreme is a famous chain of donut and coffee store all around the world. In 1937, Vernon Rudolph founded Krispy Kreme in Winston-Salem. Since then Krispy Kremes mission has been to provide the best service and highest-quality products to customers. At first, Vernon Rudolph started his business by selling donut to other stores. But in 1938, he opened the first Krispy Kreme store in Winston-Salem and began to sell donuts to customers. Today, Krispy Kreme grows rapidly in international business with the opening of a lot of stores in Australia, United Kingdom, Asia and Middle Eastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ not to mention its franchise expansions. In this case, we will discuss about Krispy Kreme strategies, the reason why Krispy Kreme need to revamp its own strategy plans as well as the environmental factor that influence the company. PART II Objective Case Question 1 Explain Krispy Kremes strategic and operational plans. Every business needs a strategy or at least an operational plan in order to grow and make more profits. Strategy is a plan for achieving objectives and following the mission statements. Strategic planning includes three planning level: corporate, business and functional. In this case study, we will discuss about the expansion of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. Since going public, Krispy Kreame has been a standout in America with more 300 stores in 44 states and expensed to other country such as Canada, UK, Mexico, Australia, Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [1]  This growth can be considered as both opportunity and threat. This is the opportunity of expansion: in the final quarter of the year 2003, worldwide sales of Krispy Kreme doughnuts increased nearly 29% to 251.1 million dollar. Company revenue, which includes sales from company stores, franchise fees and other operations rose more than 31% to 169.6 million dollar  [2]  . Even thought this expansion brought profits to the company, Krispy Kreme has downturn. One of the reasons is they opened too many stores in too little time and ship their doughnuts to a grocery stores everywhere and anywhere, diluted the appeal of its core product-The Original Glazed. When they sold their doughnuts to a grocery store, th ey would lose two important factors. First, the quality is not originally good as when you eat them right as they come off conveyor belt at the retail store. Second, customers are too familiar with watching the doughnuts being made adds to magic of the product  [3]  . Krispy Kreme is also lack of advertising of their products and very weak menu. Another problem at Krispy Kreme is about franchises. The Krispy Kreme craze in the early 2000s drove millions of customers to stores, waiting in line for the cherished fresh glazed delicacies. As the result, the number of Krispy Kreme franchises increased very fast trying to enter the market. A new store may offer additional revenue to the home office, but the overall result is less profit for each individual store owner. For example, between 2003 and 2004, second quarter revenues increased by 15%, but same store revenues had only increased by 1 percent  [4]  . Beside doughnut, Krispy Kreme has been expanded into coffee business with the acquisition of Digital Java Inc. a coffee company in 2002. This acquisition met some strategic including eagerly wish for provide a coffee experience for customers, as well as companys integration. The idea for selling coffee is wonderful, if the Krispy Kreme was consistent in its actions. Maybe there should be fewer stores with more ambitions put into them. Krispy Kreme could be a main competitor of Dunkin Doughnut with more chances to win customers back. PART III Objective question 2 Why is Krispy Kreme facing the need to revamp its strategic plans? Obviously, Krispy Kremes strategic plan is to make money, just like all business in the world. But having a wrong strategic plan can terminate the business and that why we will find out the reason that Krispy Kreme is facing the need to revamp its strategic plans. One of the major competitors of Krispy Kreme is Dunkin Doughnut. In Dunkin Doughnut, managers everywhere continued to plod along, making the doughnuts and selling coffee. Someone even named it better than Starbuck  [5]  and actually more than haft of revenues of Dunkin comes from coffee business. People love Dunkin more than Krispy Kreme not only because delicious donuts but also its the rest of menu. So this is the one reason for Krispy to revamp its strategic plans, to expanse in their menu. Otherwise, they will lose their customers. Other reason for revamping strategic plans is about customers. In Australia, Krispy Kreme has 50 stores for 21 million people. Krispy Kreme failed to understand that in this country they needed to operate as a specialty retailer. People would travel to the store to buy a dozen of doughnuts. Sometime they travel by airplane just to buy a big bag of Krispy Kreme doughnuts. It suggested that the brand had a very strong novelty value in Australia. But how sustainable this level of demand really was? Selling them by dozen is not appropriate for individual customer and customers cannot have differenced brand experience or amazing product. PART IV Objective question 3 Was Krispy Kremes performance affected by the low-carb diets that were popular? Explain. In the face of growing consumer distaste for high-carb foods like bread and pasta, Krispy Kreme cut its full-year earnings forecast by 10 percent and said it would shut down or sell off operations of  Montana Mills Bread Co., a gourmet bread and pastry chain it bought last year .The low-carb diets are not affected too much to the company because in USA just 6 or 7 million people are on low-carb diet and most of American dont change the way their eat. The low-carb fad is certainly having an impact but there are a number of other things, such as its rapid store expansion and the low productivity in its new stores. The company has become increasingly dependent on selling doughnuts in grocery stores and other retailers. Dunkin Donuts may also be a problem for Krispy Kreme. Dunkin Donuts, which touts the quality of its coffee, sells a more diverse line of breakfast foods than Krispy Kreme, with bagels, muffins and breakfast sandwiches in addition to its own doughnuts. PART V Objective question 4 Which management function is the focus of this case? (Chapter 1) In this case, Planning is the main function of management. It is the basic management function which includes formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources.  [6]   In the 1990s, Krispy Kreme grew rapidly to the national phenomenon with 366 stores in 44 states  [7]  all for selling doughnuts. This business strategy soon ran to the problem and downturn because they had too many stores to control, lack of advertising, cost increased in ingredient and franchises problem. In order to recovery from the crisis, Krispy Kreme have been deployed some strategic planning included add variable choices to its menu, advertising on TV and radio, produce healthier products and try to develop based on its own strength. Krispy Kreme become famous because of its signature Original Glazed Doughnut and the company try to take the advantage on that when they selling Glazed Doughnut only by a dozen. They know people loving it. But if they dont do something, they will lose their customers. The writer comment is Krispy Kreme should close unprofitable store as well as diversify and expand in product mix. Krispy Kreme potential still very big, they can win their custo mer back if they change their strategy into right path. PART VI Objective question 5 To which environmental factor did Krispy Kreme attribute its problems, and to which environmental factor did analyst attribute the problems? (Chapter 2) The environmental factors that influence Krispy Kreme included customers, competitors, technologies and its structure. Krispy Kreme is a major competitor in restaurant industry, well-known for its doughnuts. But by 2006, Krispy Kremes net loss was about $135.8 million and in 2007 it had cut back to 299 stores compared to 366 stores in 1990s. Krispy Kreme attribute the problems were low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. A diet is external environment problem that still effect to Krispy Kreme today. Krispy Kremes core product Original Glazed doughnuts unfortunately is very high-carbohydrate, reverse with customers demand of low-carb food. Even Krispy Kreme can see the problem about low-carb foods, they cannot change their technology to make healthier doughnuts because if they do that, their doughnuts wont have original taste anymore and can hurt their business even further. But that is what Krispy Kreme said. Besides that, there is more than one problem about Krispy Kreme. The analyst stated that Krispy Kreme have grown too fast but also low productivity in its new stores, too reliance to franchisors and grocery stores when Krispy Kreme only own 108 stores in 300 stores of Krispy Kreme. Another problem is since this is perfect competition market, there is no significant barrier to enter the market, Krispy Kreme faces with considerable competition from small and large  companies, especially Dunkin Donuts. They compete very hard in quality as well as price. PART VII Conclusion Inclusion, every company sometime make a mistake in their strategies, what important is they can recovery and get experience through that mistake so that they wont repeat that mistake. The Ex-Chief Executive Officer Daryl Brewster have done that by increased advertisements, expanded the product line. The new CEO James Morgan is bringing profits back to Krispy Kreme when revenues for Winston-Salem Krispy Kreme doughnuts rose by 6.3% to $87.9 million in its fiscal second quarter and net income rose to $2.2 million from a loss of $157.000 compared to a year ago  [8]  . Although Krispy Kreme is not as profitable as the old time, managers of Krispy Kreme are trying their best to revive the company. Avoid expanding too fast again, grow slowly, learn something from their competitors and especially listen to the customers are some of recommendations. By realize the problem and step-by-step begin to implement the right solutions, the Krispy  Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. can once again thrive in todays restaurant industry markets.

Market Analysis and International Investment

Market Analysis and International Investment 1-(A) From various editions of the Economist, collect time series data of Big Mac prices for 3 countries and assess whether Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) holds. Discuss whether the (Big Mac Index) is a good Price index to be used in this analysis. Answer: The economist’s Big Mac index shown in table 1 has been used since 1986 as an indicator aimed to assess how PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) stands against most traded currencies such us the US dollar. Before entering into further analyses, it is worth providing some relevant information on the PPP theory and assess whether the Big Mac index implicitly delivers points of comparison that subsequently reflect exchange rate parity conditions across 120 nations where this worldwide known burger is largely sold.[1] Purchasing power parity theory by Rudiger Dornbush (Salamanca School) attempts to explain that two currencies adjust in compensation owing to the difference between the rates at which the two countries under watch are inflating. In relation to this, the underlying principle of the PPP theory lies in the law of a single price. This law can be simply explained based on the commodities trade whereby companies around the world tend to purchase goods from countries where these are more competitive in terms of price.[2] Following this first hypothesis, there is a determination mechanism starting when goods are purchased abroad and at the same time the demand for foreign currency results in increasing the value of the currency and putting extra pressure on the price of the good itself. Based on this scenario, the PPP entails that two currencies should stand at a level where buying the same goods in the two countries is equivalent. Furthermore, the theory projects that real effective exchange rate will remain constant through time. Based on further research, this work lays out some elements that intervene as potential culprits for not letting the PPP system operates over a short and medium-term horizon. As a relevant consideration to the findings and major setback to the PPP theory, the foreign exchange market framework has changed considerably over the last years moving exchange rates from fixed to floating. In the same context, capital movements and internal policies now explain differentials in exchange rates rather than a simplistic scenario of supply and demand of goods.[3] For instance, in 1973 the oil embargo led unexpectedly the United States, Japan and Italy to depreciating their currencies as a result of currency pressure. According to Buiter and Miller (1992), the exchange rate accommodation mechanism has a much broader significance than the one explained by PPP’s scope; the exchange rate is a measurement of competitiveness as a progressive or â€Å"non-casual† variable. Therefore, exchange rate is a price that reflects an efficient international financial market as opposed to a predetermined state controlled through market forces exclusively. Supporting the previous introduction and with regard to the Big Mac index headway between two years in a row, PPP does not always hold. Moreover, due to the composition of the product, Big Mac does not reflect a truthful price index to determine whether an exchange rate is undervalued or overvalued. According to the economist magazine, Big Macs are not cross-border trading goods as approximately 55% to 60% of the product costing is represented by non-traded goods such us labour, rent and services. Therefore, a price index with no dependence on international trading cannot fully reflect exchange rate comparisons; every country has a unique competitive position mainly produced by internal structures and factors such us labour market, productivity and purchasing capacity. Purchasing power parity theory brings cear shortcomings and most of them can be determined superficially by the Big Mac index and its trend. The most commonly mentioned problems behind the use of PPP: Trade Barriers Changes in patterns of demand and output Similar purchasing patterns and taste in products Varying price indices Taxation Long-term vs. short-term outlook Table 1 shows full coverage for the Big Mac index over a large group of countries. As a complementary part of the analysis this work has chosen two currencies to compare against the US dollar and determine the PPP trend between 2004 and 2005. In 2004 the Big Mac price in the US was US$ 2.90 compared to US$1.26 in China and US$ 5.18 in Norway. In 2005 the corresponding prices represented an increment of the US price by 5.5% to US$ 3.06, 0.7% in China and 16.9% in Norway reaching prices of US$1.27 and US$6.06 respectively. Following the PPP theory, it indicates that exchange rates move to rectify changes in inflation rates. In 2004 China’s currency was 57% undervalued and Norway 79% overvalued; the model expects that an inflationary process in the US of 5.5% would have generated a rectifying movement to close gaps. On the contrary, while the Big Mac price index in the US rose by 5.5%, China’s currency dropped further from 57% undervalued to 59% and Norway continued the other direction and got appreciated dramatically from 79% to 98%. If Big Macs could be exported, no buyers would be looking at Norway since its real international competitiveness is far below. However, in terms of purchasing capacity the Norwegians are potentially capable of purchasing Big Macs as their income per head is considerably higher than in US and China. (B)Choose any two countries and collect (approximately) one year of daily data of a forward exchange rate, the spot exchange rate and the two corresponding interest rates. Can you make any arbitrage profits? Carefully discuss. Answer: To open the discussion about the exchange rate market and its relationship with interest rates, the answer introduces the concept of Eurocurrency market. This is a marketplace where participants make money through borrowing and depositing currencies at a price dictated by interest rates. In this regard, the transactions period varies as short as overnight and in some cases as long as five years. For this exercise the answer considers one participant and two currencies, US Dollar and GBP based on data from 2005 central bank statistics. On January 31st 2005, this person borrowed US$ 18’833.000 in the US and made the decision to arbitrage in GPB pounds. Diagram 1.0 illustrates the foreign exchange arbitrage based on the use of financial instruments to generate profits. Diagram 1.0 Source: Author calculations Borrowed at US$ 18’833.000 at 4.83% and one repayment at the end of the first year (365 day repayment of US$ 19’743.633) Evaluate potential arbitrage: Sell US$ 18’833.000 to buy sterling pounds at GBP/USD 1.8833 and obtained  £10’000.000 Made deposit of  £10’000.000 at 6.20% for 12 months and agreed to received  £10’482.999 Same take a forward contract to buy US$ 19’742.633 1year forward at sustaining GBP/USD at 1.8526 and sell:  £10’657.256; losses: ( £36.716) The arbitrage would produce losses as USD appreciates against the US dollar on a 12-month period; you cannot make profits. 2-(A) Discuss the importance of the exchange rate as an economic variable for international investment decisions or for importers and exporters. Answer: Exchange rates are a key factor that concerning their mechanisms of adjustments and vulnerability originates differential positions and volatility risk within an economic outlook. In relation to this effect, Buiter and Miller’s approach (1992) explains that monetary policies combining prices stabilisation, capital freedom and rational expectations in the foreign exchange market produce a â€Å"transitional† effect on the level of international competitiveness and leave industry sectors exposed.[4] For financial assets and exchange rates levels, international trade activities have rapidly evolved into a more developed and complex sector that operates freely within a global economic system and lead economies to frequently reaching higher levels of surpluses or deficits. On a daily basis scenario, portfolio strategist search for competitive positions worldwide that match investment targets. Concerning the structure of the investment, foreign exchange forecasts are a driving force at the stage of resources allocation and use of financial instruments (Derivatives). But how the exchange rates intervene as a decisive economic variable and in which sectors they deliver benefits or vice-versa? Milton Friedman gives his opinion to this question, starting by responding on the effects over exchange rates through monetary policies; he says â€Å"†¦..monetary policy actions affect asset portfolios in first instance, spending decisions in the second, which translate into effects on output and then on prices. The changes in exchange rates are in turn mostly a response to these effects of home policy (on output and prices?) and of similar policy abroad†¦..†[5]. If one assumed Friedman’s comments, domestic policies move exchange rates affecting decisions in a certain order. With regards to international trade, one of the most compelling examples on how exchange rates affect the performance of particular sectors compared to others is the case of the British economy. On one hand an overvalued pound has jeopardised to some extent the lack of competitiveness of the industrial production and exports in the UK by soaring internal prices and changing the productive structure of the country. Conversely, on the other hand the levels of interest rates together with a strong currency have triggered capital inflows, which are being allocated on different asset classes and also in the continuous boost of service sectors (i.e. Financial Services). To understand the mechanism linking imports and exports with exchange rates, Maurice Levi (1990) explains that on a supply and demand setting the supply curve of a currency illustrates the quantity of that currency supplied and the price of the currency, given by the exchange rate, the supply curve of a currency is calculated as a result of a country’s demand for imports. This event occurs when buyers pay for imports that are sold in foreign currency, then the country’s recipients of the goods must sell their domestic currency for the requested foreign exchange and when imports are invoiced in local currency the foreign beneficiary of the currency sells it. In any case imports result in the country’s currency being supplied. The amount of the currency supplied is equal to the value of imports.[6] On the contrary, the demand curve for a currency shows the value of the currency that is demanded at each likely exchange rate. The need to buy a country’s currency takes off from the need to pay for the country’s exports; the currency’s demand curved is derived from the country’s export supply curve, which shows the volume of exports at each price of exports[7]. To summarise the answer, exchange rates send strong signals to both, portfolio investors and international traders; however the degree of the effect varies depending on the competitive position of the economy. In terms of traded goods, exchange rates place the level of international competitiveness of goods compared to the same goods in other country. On investment allocations such us bonds and equities, an exchange rates outlook is essential to sustain or withdraw positions. In relation to investments, exchange rate risk is generated by uncertainty in the future exchange rates at which the asset or liability will be converted into dollars. Thus, bonds, foreign stocks, real estates and accounts receivable and payable may be subject to exchange rate risk if their value in home currency is beaten by exchange rates. Concerning imports and exports of services such us tourism, banking services, consulting, engineering amongst others react to exchange rates variations in the same way as imports and exports of goods. (B) Collect data for 3 countries of your choice and assess the importance of the exchange rate for international equity investors. Use different investment horizons. Equity investors react to market sentiments, set out overall investment positions and individual strategies underpinned by economic forecasts. Decisions are based upon a group variables and future scenarios; for instance it is widely recognised the existing inverse relation between interest rates and equities. When interest rates are moved up by major central banks such us the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank (ECB), Bank of England and Bank of Japan, shares lose momentum and in most of the cases fall. In terms of foreign exchange conditions, investors go long on equities when they feel comfortable with correct valuation of the currency and if the economy’s balance of payments works in line with the external position of the country. In other words, the exchange rate is determined by the aggregated equilibrium between currency demand and supply. If any country is not in the position to sustain its competitiveness on its currency it sends strong signal for investment decisions. The following three countries US, UK and China have been selected to understand how bursaries respond or relate to changes in exchange rate: US Dow Jones (1-Y Horizon) US is a highly liquid market, Chart 1.0 shows market transactions above 2 billion US dollars a day sustaining levels over 1 year horizon. The Dow index moved up from 10500 (approx) in June 2005 growing by 3.8% (approx) to June 9th 2006. In chart 2.0 Euro gains grounds on the US dollar by almost 5% over the same period as shown on the Dow Jones outlook above. Thus, Euro appreciated by 5% against US dollar and Dow Jones with a slight growth without losing transaction levels. Hence, no particular direct correlation is found on the two variables (Exchange rate and Stock Index). However, it is relevant to clarify that more components such us interest rates expectations, unemployment levels in the US and Euro land, mortgage activities, retail index and companies profitability have an effect on these trends. UK FTSE (2-Year Horizon) In a 2-year Horizon, FTSE shows strong momentum soaring by 22% (approximately from 4500 to 5500); uptrend with a relevant drop in June 2006 due to oil prices and decision on interest rates accommodation by the FED and ECB. This analysis in terms of the pound outlook shows two scenarios for the currency. In 2004 starts at GBP/USD1.82 falling to its 18-month lowest level to 1.72 (5.8%), then it picks up again and in less than 5 months rebounds to 1.85. Again the analysis does not find a direct relationship between a positive steady FTSE trend and sterling variations. CHINA Shanghai Composite 6-Month Horizon The third example involves Chinese Yuan and US Dollar, which have experienced international trade growth five times faster than in 1990s decade. On one hand, Chinese moved from being the 9th most important destination for US Exports to being currently the 4th delivering an impressive uptrend in 2005 above 20% increase (United States Trade Representatives, 2006). On the other hand, the effect of Chinese exports has been stronger, in 2004 china’s trade surplus with the US increased by 24.5% to 202 billion US dollars, the largest between two economies according to the Economic Policy Institute in 2006. Over the last 6 months, the Chinese Yuan has not followed a revaluation against the US Dollar; as it would have been expected due the international trade context explained before (only 2% appreciation). In relation to the Shanghai composite index, it has experienced spectacular growth outperforming other stock markets (44% increases in the same period). Based on these figures, the analysis indicates, exchange rate is not the driving factor to buy stock in China; investors continue forecasting strong growth in Chinese listed companies due to strong internal market performance, domestic consumption as well as industry development. 3- Today is the 16th of December 1998.You are a small importer/exporter having to pay  £5,000,000 on the 26th of February 1999.You are concerned about exchange rate risk and you are considering using currency futures to hedge your currency risk. What would be your hedged and unhedged outcome with hindsight? Carefully explain what will happen over this hedging period with your margin account. One Pound Sterling futures contract is  £62,500 and the initial and maintenance margins are $2,295 and $1,700 respectively. Answer: (Using spreadsheet â€Å"Market†) and concepts from Brian Kettell (Financial Economics p321-330) In futures the principle is to sell what is overpriced and buy what is underpriced. In this example if the GBP/USD is overpriced (futures) less US dollars per Sterling pounds you should sell the futures contract on February 26th 1999 (Long Position in the Spot Market), which means purchase GDP/USD at the Spot Rate Spot Price Futures GBP/USD 1.6750-08 1.6060-1.5998 (at a Premium) The advice for the US importer is to protect the US value by hedging 80 contracts of Sterling Pounds using futures contracts. However, in this case the US dollar as of February 26th when the payment will be made, the futures price shows a US dollar at a premium, which means, the dollar will appreciate. Action: Unit of Trading  £ Pounds Go long in the future market selling your futures contract (right to deliver at 1.6060) and holding on at the the Spot Market. Currency Hedge US dollar against British Pound:  £5.000.000 at a spot rate February 26th 1999: Action buy future Contracts:  £62.500 Number of contracts: 80 Value locked on December 16th 1998:  £62.500 x 1.6750= US$ 104.687 Value of each futures contract on February 26th 1999: £62500 x 1.6060 = US$ 100.375 Net Profit of each contract: US$4. 312 x 80 = US$ 344.960 (Hedging profits) At the end of the period, without hedging you would have benefited as US dollar got appreciated. However, with hedging you will obtain profit margins of US$ 4312 in each contract improving your initial margins. Bibliography Bank of England Statistics available at: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/index.htm Economic Policy Institute available at: http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/webfeatures_econindicators_tradepict20060210 The Economist Big Mac Index available at: http://www.economist.com/markets/bigmac/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4065603 Federal Reserve Statistics available at: http://www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/Build.aspx?rel=H15 Kettell, B. (2001) Financial Economics, Making Sense of Market Information: Prentice Hall: London Levi, M (1990). International Finance, the Markets and Financial Management of Multinational Business. McGraw-Hill Series in Finance: United States MacDonald R, Taylor M, (1992). Exchange Rate Economics Volume I â€Å"Monetary Policy and International Competitiveness: The problems of adjustments Willem H. Buiter and Marcus Miller, Published by Edward Elgar: England Walmsley, J. (1996). International Money and Foreign Exchange Markets, An introduction. Published by John Wiley Sons Ltd Baffins Lane Chichester. West Sussex Appendix Appendix I. Daily Data End month average Daily forward weighted interest premium/discount rate, instant Daily average of 4 rate, 12 months, US Spot exchange rate, access deposit, UK Banks base rates Dollar US $ into Sterling Bank branch accounts IUDAMIH XUDLDFY XUDLUSS IUMTHAI 04-Jan-05 4.75 -3.075 1.8833 n/a 05-Jan-05 4.75 -3.005 1.8881 n/a 06-Jan-05 4.75 -2.97 1.8754 n/a 07-Jan-05 4.75 -2.925 1.868 n/a 10-Jan-05 4.75 -2.905 1.8748 n/a 11-Jan-05 4.75 -2.85 1.877 n/a 12-Jan-05 4.75 -2.895 1.8932 n/a 13-Jan-05 4.75 -2.85 1.8806 n/a 14-Jan-05 4.75 -2.755 1.8684 n/a 17-Jan-05 4.75 -2.715 1.8593 n/a 18-Jan-05 4.75 -2.85 1.8669 n/a 19-Jan-05 4.75 -2.895 1.8769 n/a 20-Jan-05 4.75 -2.93 1.8706 n/a 21-Jan-05 4.75 -2.92 1.8693 n/a 24-Jan-05 4.75 -2.94 1.8757 n/a 25-Jan-05 4.75 -2.89 1.8647 n/a 26-Jan-05 4.75 -2.955 1.8815 n/a 27-Jan-05 4.75 -2.945 1.8864 n/a 28-Jan-05 4.75 -2.935 1.8829 n/a 31-Jan-05 4.75 -2.92 1.8859 2.18 01-Feb-05 4.75 -2.9 1.8799 n/a 02-Feb-05 4.75 -2.895 1.8848 n/a 03-Feb-05 4.75 -2.84 1.8794 n/a 04-Feb-05 4.75 -2.885 1.8858 n/a 07-Feb-05 4.75 -2.835 1.8657 n/a 08-Feb-05 4.75 -2.855 1.8561 n/a 09-Feb-05 4.75 -2.965 1.8578 n/a 10-Feb-05 4.75 -2.95 1.8712 n/a 11-Feb-05 4.75 -2.96 1.8654 n/a 14-Feb-05 4.75 -2.945 1.8869 n/a 15-Feb-05 4.75 -2.935 1.8872 n/a 16-Feb-05 4.75 -2.83 1.8786 n/a 17-Feb-05 4.75 -2.81 1.8906 n/a 18-Feb-05 4.75 -2.79 1.8944 n/a 21-Feb-05 4.75 -2.8 1.897 n/a 22-Feb-05 4.75 -2.9 1.9057 n/a 23-Feb-05 4.75 -2.985 1.906 n/a 24-Feb-05 4.75 -2.955 1.9077 n/a 25-Feb-05 4.75 -2.89 1.9153 n/a 28-Feb-05 4.75 -2.89 1.9257 2.18 01-Mar-05 4.75 -2.875 1.9198 n/a 02-Mar-05 4.75 -2.94 1.9101 n/a 03-Mar-05 4.75 -2.9 1.9084 n/a 04-Mar-05 4.75 -2.885 1.9258 n/a 07-Mar-05 4.75 -2.87 1.9139 n/a 08-Mar-05 4.75 -2.86 1.9311 n/a 09-Mar-05 4.75 -2.835 1.9212 n/a 10-Mar-05 4.75 -2.77 1.9236 n/a 11-Mar-05 4.75 -2.72 1.927 n/a 14-Mar-05 4.75 -2.64 1.9119 n/a 15-Mar-05 4.75 -2.61 1.9157 n/a 16-Mar-05 4.75 -2.65 1.9284 n/a 17-Mar-05 4.75 -2.595 1.9237 n/a 18-Mar-05 4.75 -2.555 1.9155 n/a 21-Mar-05 4.75 -2.515 1.8962 n/a 22-Mar-05

Essay --

Cigarette smoking during childhood and adolescence produces significant health problems, including an unfavorable lipid profile, cough and phlegm production, and decreased physical fitness. One may also develop an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses, and be susceptible to potential retardation in the rate of lung growth and the level of maximum lung function. Once advanced beyond their teenage years, almost all individuals try to quit smoking, but most fail. Therefore, a solution to the problem of smoking among children and adolescents must be to prevent young people from being lured into the destructive habit. In order to effectively prevent, or at least decrease the likelihood of, smoking among young people, one needs to understand the reasons why children and teens start to smoke. A few are: peer and societal pressures, internal struggles, and the obligation to succeed in academics. Peer pressure is one of the primary reasons young people smoke. It may be placed on the subject in the form of outright, verbal persuasion, or it may manifest itself as one's...

Brave New World: Helplessness Essay -- Brave New World

Brave New World: Helplessness How can one distinguish happiness from unhappiness if unhappiness is never experienced? It's the bad that makes the good look good, but if you don't know the good from the bad, you'll settle for what you're given. Can people judge their feelings without a basis or underlying "rubric" to follow? Such rudimentary guidelines are established through the maturation process and continue to fluctuate as one grows wiser with a vaster array of experiences. Aldous Huxley creates a utopia filled with happiness, but this is merely a facade to a world which is incomplete and quite empty since the essential "experiences" are replaced with "conditioning." Perhaps this fantasy world was distinctly composed to be a harbinger of our future. An analysis of an "exclusive utopia" designed to heed the present world from becoming desensitized to freedom and individualism and to warn against the danger of an overly progressive scientific and technological society. Huxley commences his story at the source of such world control -- the hatchery. Governed by mottoes of "Community, Identity, and Stability," the "brave new world" he creates is "conditioned" from the start. The test tube babies undergo precise tests, dietary supplements, and encouragement to "produce" the defined castes of "individuals." The central action arises when Bernard Marx, an alpha plus psychologist, becomes continually irritated at the boredom and incompleteness of this highly regulated life. Through his independent thinking he becomes frustrated and feels alone. Such feelings Marx shares with his close friend Helmholtz Watson, who was advantageously decanted in his "test tubular stages" and therefore has an ... ...domination. the Bokanovsky Process, in which one egg is "budded" into hundreds and thousands making a shocking number of "twins" and then the decanting process, the actual birth form the test tube, and finally, the social conditioning processes in which people are "formed" by means of shocks, sirens, and other unpleasant devices to certain stimuli so that they will always evoke certain intrinsic feelings toward those stimuli. The idea of such a "precision-made" society to accomplish work and live in happiness and virtue leaves no room for "imperfection." Such imperfections as Marx, Watson, and the savage however are no threat to the society as apparent in the novel since they are swallowed by the system-- if nobody listens to their ideas, talking does no good. Such automatic suppression of the "rebels" leaves the reader with a frigid feeling of helplessness.

Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents Essay

Childhood obesity has become a recurring theme in the news today. A variety of issues has been discussed regarding the cause of this popular issue. Emphasis is placed on parents, culture, school meals, and a number of other factors leading to obesity. Children and adolescents are not blind to the attention placed on obesity among them and their peers. If the thin bodies of magazines, TV and media weren’t enough, children now have to face the harsh realities of statistics that are constantly broadcasted in the news. This being the case, many children and adolescents have developed unhealthy means to either get thin or stay thin. Many struggle with eating disorders. Eating disorders involve a variety of descriptions of unhealthy patterns of eating. All of them involve some abnormal pattern of eating, including not eating. No matter the type or term given the disorder, they represent a serious situation and are a mental health concern. Two of the more well-known types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Both are common among youth. Anorexia Nervosa Description Sometimes just being ‘normal’ in size is not what an individual sees as normal in himself. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which being thin is not the only issue. It is characterized by starving oneself. Signs include a body weight of less than eighty-five percent the normal body weight for that specific height and age; 3 consecutive absences of a menstrual cycle; and an abnormally strong fear of gaining weight (e.g., â€Å"Eating Dis.† n.d., para. 12). A more common outward sign of anorexia is the intense fear of gaining weight. The youth may repeatedly express verbally his desire to be thin, his belief that he is fat or overweight, and a generally twisted view of own size or weight. All of this is typically coupled with an already thin body size. Use of laxatives in addition to severely limiting food intake is commonly seen. Anorexia Nervosa Cause The cause of anorexia is not one specific factor. It is widely agreed that many issues combine to lead to its development. These include social, cultural, psychological, and biological concerns. The role of neurotransmitters in anorexia is researched today. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter â€Å"known to affect appetite control, sexual and social behavior, stress responses, and mood† and â€Å"modulates feeding by producing the sensation of fullness or satiety† (Rome, 2003, p.100). A decrease in this neurotransmitter can be indicative of anorexia. There are also some indications of genetic factors involved in causing anorexia. Having a family member who suffers or has suffered from anorexia can predispose a child to development. â€Å"There are now multiple case-control studies designed to investigate the familiality of eating disorders, which demonstrate a higher rate of Anorexia nervosa in relatives of probands with anorexia nervosa† (Rome, 2003, p 101). Bulimia Description Another eating disorder common among children and adolescents is bulimia. Bulimia can actually be a subtype of anorexia. It is characterized by bingeing on food then purging the food via induced vomiting. The bingeing is considered uncontrolled and the person typically ingests much larger than normal amounts of food, sometimes secretively. Then, within an hour or two of eating, the person purges the food. This is usually done by self-induced vomiting; however, the vomiting is typically seen with misuse of laxatives, urine-producing medications, and enemas. All of these enable the individual to purge herself of the recently ingested large quantities of food. These binges occur â€Å"at least twice a week for three months or may occur as often as several times a day† (e.g., â€Å"Eating Dis.† n.d., para. 23). As a subtype of anorexia, the bulimic person is abnormally underweight. Being underweight, however, is not a prerequisite of the bulimic diagnosis. In fact, the average bulimic is of normal weight, but sees self as being overweight. Other common attitudes associated with bulimia include extreme exercise, secretive or abnormal eating habits or rituals, and irregular or absent menstrual cycles. Both bulimia and anorexia are commonly seen in individuals already suffering from anxiety and/or depression (e.g. â€Å"Eating Dis.† n.d., para. 29). Bulimia Cause As with Anorexia nervosa, a specific cause for bulimia is not known. Several factors, however, are thought to increase the likelihood of this disorder; many of these are similar to those of anorexia nervosa. Cultural and social influences on appearance and size, family problems, and mood disorders all have an effect on the development of bulimia. Gender plays a large role as well. The majority of youth suffering from both bulimia and anorexia nervosa, although more so with bulimia, are females (Fisher, 1995, p. 431). The same case study cited in the familial causes of anorexia nervosa indicates that having a family member who has previously been diagnosed with bulimia can also predispose an individual to the same behavior. Treatment Although Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia are two separate identifiable diagnoses, the treatments of these physical and mental disorders are similar. Physicians first analyze the individual’s specific overall health and possible contributing factors. The primary care doctor is the necessary authority to either treat or recommend for treatment. Possible physical effects such as malnutrition and dental issues are treated as needed. The mental and psychological treatment varies according to the child’s specific needs. Individual and family therapy, behavior modification, and cognitive therapy can all be used. Focus primarily tends toward the development of adequate coping skills, positive body image, and positive self-talk. Frequently, mood stabilizers are prescribed in conjunction with one-on-one therapy (Rome, 2003, p. 104). The family plays a key role in treating children and adolescents most significantly by the fact that parents and adult figures in the child’s life control and direct the routine of said child. In cases of severely physically compromised children, monitoring of vital signs, nutrition, and electrolyte balance by trained healthcare professionals may be necessary (Fischer, 1995, p. 435). Conclusion Eating disorders are spread across both adults and youth. As increasing attention is given the issue of childhood obesity—and as the media continues to push the preference for abnormally thin figures in beauty—the youth will suffer. They seek unhealthy means to be what culture, family, and society says is normal, accepted. Bulimia and anorexia nervosa are the result of these issues and remain common eating disorders among children and adolescents. These disorders, however, can be diagnosed and treated. Most important to the treatment of any disorder affecting children and adolescents is the role of parents or guardians. References Eating disorders in children and adolescents (n.d.) In Eating Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.lpch.org/diseasehealthinfo/healthlibrary/growth/eatdis.html. Ellen S. Rome, MD, Seth Ammerman, MD, et al. Children and adolescents with eating disorders: the state of the art. Pediatrics. 2003; 111: 98-108. Fisher M. Golden NH, Katzman DK, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents: a background paper. Adolescent Health. 1995; 16: 420-437.

Memento – Film Review

Me workforceto is an extremely unique picture show noir bid tell by Chri tick offher Nolan, famous for his recent re-birth of the Bat populace series and currently at the helm of the farsighted awaited The Dark Knight. Most of his word pictures atomic number 18 difficult to put into a shape genre, as they often contain elements of drama, horror, mysteries and consummation whole(prenominal) at the equal epoch. Since his handlerial beginning(a) appearance 11 years ago, Nolan has been heavily praised as a true visionary and named one of the sterling(prenominal) intelligent directors of all clock time by doubled critics, as well as be ren throwed for his efficiency and perfectionism some(prenominal)(prenominal) whilst granting, and in the redaction room.It is no surprise indeed, that the subject matter and style of Memento is so antithetic to whatsoever other brinystream movie you competency see this year. The cinema follows Leonard Shelby (portrayed by c omputerized axial tomography Pearce), a man whose wife died by and by being raped when two men broke into his home, violating her and leaving him with an injury that causes anterograde amnesia. However, exclusively one of the assailants involved is caught and arrested, create Leonard to become a vigilante and avenge his wife, using nones and tattoos to help him track protrude the villain who killed her.This is where Nolan shows his dexterity to play with image in order to change the audiences sensing because the main protagonist squirt all remember things that happened ahead the incident and more or less three or four legal proceeding forrader the current time, the film is divide into many short contexts. These scenes are contend in reverse order, so that the film begins with the ultimate act of r rasege, and from whence on rearwards tracks done time to expose each shocking detail rough Leonards condition and story. As if this wasnt involved enough, not e p recise(prenominal)thing is as it seems, and small hints of this start to run through fractured memories from the very beginning.The film clean-cuts with a close-up shot of a flapping Polaroid record in some frames hand of a proboscis lying face d cause on a melodic liney floor, immediately grabbing the concern of the viewer and leaving us to dupe in bewilderment as the show within the white frame late fades to blank. This intrigue is further developed when the depiction is boosted back into a camera which then flashes and we realize that this scene is being contend to us in reverse. Then we in the end see the face of the main consultation, appearing scarred and distressed behind the minatory camera before a straightaway cut to him returning the camera to his pocket.What follows is some other close-up, this time a shot interpreted with the camera laying on its side of meat (something rarely done in cinematography) of blood running crossways the floor, retreating back into the body that equivocations there which cuts again to the shell of a bullet rolling behind across the ground and yet speeding up, and then a quick transition to a pair of glasses lying upside-down and flecked with blood. Again we see Leonard, this time holding his arm above the ground, where a gun jumps into his hand from the ground infra and he begins to point it in antecedent of him.And then everything comes to life in a short burst, with the glasses bouncing and f frolicsome onto the face of the body, the shell of ammunition towering back into the gun, spatters of blood diving from the walls into the back of the corpses head, and a sudden flash of light from the weapon before video display the open m come to the forehed scream of the man who appears to have scarce sprung to life. The scene ends abruptly, fading to black, with us passim the entire short sequence hearing nevertheless ambient noise, a gunshot and the reversed yell for help from the man roughly to die.This is the only reversed scene in the film, although the scenes themselves run in reversed order with distinguishable grayscale scenes interweaved between them that rationalize Leonards story further, which eventually fade into rubric and continue the main narrative. The fades and transitions are so subtle that you probably wouldnt notice them unless you looked for them.The roll for the movie is brilliant, with every character having their own unique traits and purposes. on that point are only three principal characters that we see on screen for long periods of time, and this helps in grammatical construction convincingly realistic characters, as the director has not had to juggle with many actors and actresses. It whitethorn take us a opus to relate to the main character, as we prototypic see him commit murder before we even hear him speak, notwithstanding its not long before we feel that we can be on his side. Leonard plays a complicated role, which is further com plicated by both his condition and his actions that we dont always know about, but jackass Pearce go aways the role majestically, and pulls off the support loss of memory with keen finesse.Originally, fasten Pitt was considered for this role, but personally Im glad he turned it down, as Pitt isnt know for roles equal the disabled Leonard, and is instead renowned for anarchistic or secret agent-type parts, and although I would only want to praise his acting ability after seeing him in David Finchers controvert Club, it may have been harder to take his character as seriously as Guy Pearce is able to bring the character to life. Joe Pantoliano stands out in his performance as Teddy, a police officer and seemingly the main characters friend, though Leonard has to be reminded of who he is every time they meet, as the directors first natural selection for this role he succeeds in showing his capabilities of feeling both pity and having to lie on screen at the same time, a great c hallenge for any actor.The costumes reflect the gritty and dark automatic teller machine of the movie, as everyone in the film is of bonny wealth, there are no dissipated items of clothing that would distract from the essential points of the film, without all the characters looking the same. Some costumes help for uncertainty about the characters to accumulate, as is the purpose of Leonards valuable suit, of which we rein out how he obtained very late into the film.The setting of the film could be any American city, which helps to emphasize that it is the drama and characters that are important and not the locations. There is a typical cheap motel, an broken-down industrial park and a passive looking residential estate. These care completey selected locations and the places between them serve for the majority of the films scenes, and as our familiarity with these places increases, we further realize how Leonard cant feel the same recognition.The soundtrack consists tout ens emble of an original score composed by David Julyan, and sounds quite emotive even without the film alongside it. As with many freelancer films such as Donnie Darko, the soundtrack is used sparingly and is normally inserted at times of great distress or peril. It cant be denied that the flat coat score suits the ascertainry of the film end-to-end and sympathizes with both upsetting and upbeat scenes at both ends of the movie.As indicated in the translation of the opening scene, the editing in this film is particularly clever, showing the audience everything in the scene that they need to see, and yet narrowing them until the end what they rattling should have known throughout. Quick cuts are often used, as well as choppy editing for mundane sequences such as Leonard victorious a shower, which as well as protecting the actors modesty speeds the sequence along tremendously well. The camera work for this same scene is besides done very effectively. As we see through the eye o f the main character looking through the frosted glass of the shower, we see a dark shape approaching slowly as opposed to seeing an outside(a) view of the shower and the clear image of a man sneaking up, as would be done in most(prenominal) movies.Watching this film for the first time is like seeing a Rubiks closure assemble itself in front of your eyes, and its not likely that every piece testament fall into place until a aid viewing at the least. This may not appeal to many casual film-viewers, as well as those who may not be intelligent enough to secure the plot, and people without the patience to think magical spell watching a film. This may also be the place to be life-sustaining about this movie. Although it remains gripping and enrapture throughout, by the end you may be tired and perhaps even humiliated by all the information fit into just less than two hours.The pacing can also be a problem for people eager to find out what is really overtaking on, with not muc h going on about three quarters of the way into the film except for scenes that set up what came before them. As the end of the story happens at the beginning of the movie, the end of the movie could be seen as anti-climatic, as it is only really the audience that really finds out what is going on, although it is likely that youll be in so much of a shock at the twist revealed at the end and view about what has already happened that what happens next seems little in comparison anyway. The movie is full of loving nods to other independent movies and isnt without its own dark, sometimes ironic sense of humour, which is injected at regular intervals and can help to push the film along.The film made an amazingly large profit in both cinema and DVD sales, and continues to baffle even the sharpest critics today. It won no less than 40 different awards and was nominated for more than 30 on top of those, and currently has a place at 29 on the Internet Movie Databases top 250 films of all time, with over 180,000 voters from around the world. If you do depart around to seeing this movie, it pull up stakes be one that you want to see again, perhaps straight afterwards to fill in the clever blanks and notice the subtle allusions that the filmmakers have included to puzzle us the first time round. Whatever you make of it, and whether or not you understand it all at once, youll probably find it hard to stop watching, and its not a movie that you will soon forget.

Policies to Reduce Pollution

The two policies that ar mostly used to strike down taint argon the taxation of the defilement producers (Pigovian tax) and standards-change approaches. The Pigovian taxes are usually generally levied as an excise tax, which go out raise the price of the goods produced. This causes the party to produce less(prenominal)(prenominal) which in turn lowers pollution.The standards-charge approach is to tax the pollution directly. The political relation controls the level of pollution that it thinks is appropriate, and then pull up stakes charge a fine for each unit of measurement that is above the appropriate amount. This is how the standard-charge approach rewards the companies that produce less pollution and punishes the companies that exceed the allotted pollution amount.Unfortunately, standard-charge approaches take overt enable policy makers to control the form quality. The political relation has to estimate how much a company pass on wither their pollution when they are fined. If the regimen drivens a fine to low, the company may determine that it is cheaper to pay the fines rather than get down its pollution. This also exit non give the company an incentive to reduce their pollution level below what the authorities has set as the desired limit.The positive clears to these measures are that our ecosystems are healthy and this also helps the health of the people bread and butter in the local milieu. Air pollution is cognize to cause a great deal of disease in the population, especially respiratory disease. The environments ecosystems will benefit when people and companies lower their use of fossil fuels, this will help to lower greenhouse gases.Taxes and fines alship canal set about some sort of losses involved, both to the companies and to the government applying the fines. When the different taxes are levied, companies will find ways to reduce tolls by either cuts in staffing or outsourcing what they are able to send to alien compan ies. Another cost involves the failure of the government. The different taxes and fines levied on companies are paid over to the government and the government is notorious in their inefficiency in the use of their funds. just about government agencies are overly bureaucratic and uneasy which can create unnecessary regulations that are infeasible to enforce.It is impossible to determine the exact level of pollution reduction needed to produce a healthier living environment. At this point in time, ball club controls the pollution levels until the costs outweigh the benefits of additional controls. This self-confidence isnt always valid. It has been proven, through past actions, which as air quality improves it becomes more difficult to reduce the levels of pollution at a reasonable cost. as yet though society demands a clean environment for health reasons, it is a higher attention depending on income levels.The higher the income level the more of a concern it will be. Those wit h a lower income that are without medical examination insurance are less inclined to bewilder about pollutions that will harm them over time. taint should be reduced so that it will not negatively affect the health of the population or the environment. Unfortunately we also have to weigh the grave of pollution against the cost of job loss and the cost of goods. In the end, as long as the government policies are able to reduce pollution to a level that is socially acceptable they can be viewed a success.